Methods and compositions for diagnosis and prognosis of renal injury and renal failure

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to methods and compositions for monitoring, diagnosis, prognosis, and determination of treatment regimens in subjects suffering from or suspected of having a renal injury. In particular, the invention relates to using a measured urine concentration of one or more of TIMP2 and IGFBP7 in combination with one or more of a measured serum creatinine and a measured urine output, which results are correlated to the renal status of the subject, and can be used for diagnosis, prognosis, risk stratification, staging, monitoring, categorizing and determination of further diagnosis and treatment regimens in subjects suffering or at risk of suffering from an injury to renal function, reduced renal function, and/or acute renal failure.

The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional ApplicationNo. 61/753,723 filed Jan. 17, 2013, which is hereby incorporated in itsentirety including all tables, figures, and claims.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The following discussion of the background of the invention is merelyprovided to aid the reader in understanding the invention and is notadmitted to describe or constitute prior art to the present invention.

The kidney is responsible for water and solute excretion from the body.Its functions include maintenance of acid-base balance, regulation ofelectrolyte concentrations, control of blood volume, and regulation ofblood pressure. As such, loss of kidney function through injury and/ordisease results in substantial morbidity and mortality. A detaileddiscussion of renal injuries is provided in Harrison's Principles ofInternal Medicine, 17^(th) Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, pages 1741-1830,which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Renaldisease and/or injury may be acute or chronic. Acute and chronic kidneydisease are described as follows (from Current Medical Diagnosis &Treatment 2008, 47^(th) Ed, McGraw Hill, New York, pages 785-815, whichare hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety): “Acute renalfailure is worsening of renal function over hours to days, resulting inthe retention of nitrogenous wastes (such as urea nitrogen) andcreatinine in the blood. Retention of these substances is calledazotemia. Chronic renal failure (chronic kidney disease) results from anabnormal loss of renal function over months to years”.

Acute renal failure (ARF, also known as acute kidney injury, or AM) isan abrupt (typically detected within about 48 hours to 1 week) reductionin glomerular filtration. This loss of filtration capacity results inretention of nitrogenous (urea and creatinine) and non-nitrogenous wasteproducts that are normally excreted by the kidney, a reduction in urineoutput, or both. It is reported that ARF complicates about 5% ofhospital admissions, 4-15% of cardiopulmonary bypass surgeries, and upto 30% of intensive care admissions. ARF may be categorized as prerenal,intrinsic renal, or postrenal in causation. Intrinsic renal disease canbe further divided into glomerular, tubular, interstitial, and vascularabnormalities. Major causes of ARF are described in the following table,which is adapted from the Merck Manual, 17^(th) ed., Chapter 222, andwhich is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety:

Type Risk Factors Prerenal ECF volume depletion Excessive diuresis,hemorrhage, GI losses, loss of intravascular fluid into theextravascular space (due to ascites, peritonitis, pancreatitis, orburns), loss of skin and mucus membranes, renal salt- and water-wastingstates Low cardiac output Cardiomyopathy, MI, cardiac tamponade,pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, positive-pressure mechanicalventilation Low systemic vascular Septic shock, liver failure,antihypertensive drugs resistance Increased renal vascular NSAIDs,cyclosporines, tacrolimus, hypercalcemia, resistance anaphylaxis,anesthetics, renal artery obstruction, renal vein thrombosis, sepsis,hepatorenal syndrome Decreased efferent ACE inhibitors or angiotensin IIreceptor blockers arteriolar tone (leading to decreased GFR from reducedglomerular transcapillary pressure, especially in patients withbilateral renal artery stenosis) Intrinsic Renal Acute tubular injuryIschemia (prolonged or severe prerenal state): surgery, hemorrhage,arterial or venous obstruction; Toxins: NSAIDs, cyclosporines,tacrolimus, aminoglycosides, foscarnet, ethylene glycol, hemoglobin,myoglobin, ifosfamide, heavy metals, methotrexate, radiopaque contrastagents, streptozotocin Acute glomerulonephritis ANCA-associated:Crescentic glomerulonephritis, polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener'sgranulomatosis; Anti- GBM glomerulonephritis: Goodpasture's syndrome;Immune-complex: Lupus glomerulonephritis, postinfectiousglomerulonephritis, cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis Acutetubulointerstitial Drug reaction (eg, β-lactams, NSAIDs, sulfonamides,nephritis ciprofloxacin, thiazide diuretics, furosemide, phenytoin,allopurinol, pyelonephritis, papillary necrosis Acute vascularVasculitis, malignant hypertension, thrombotic nephropathymicroangiopathies, scleroderma, atheroembolism Infiltrative diseasesLymphoma, sarcoidosis, leukemia Postrenal Tubular precipitation Uricacid (tumor lysis), sulfonamides, triamterene, acyclovir, indinavir,methotrexate, ethylene glycol ingestion, myeloma protein, myoglobinUreteral obstruction Intrinsic: Calculi, clots, sloughed renal tissue,fungus ball, edema, malignancy, congenital defects; Extrinsic:Malignancy, retroperitoneal fibrosis, ureteral trauma during surgery orhigh impact injury Bladder obstruction Mechanical: Benign prostatichyperplasia, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, urethral strictures,phimosis, paraphimosis, urethral valves, obstructed indwelling urinarycatheter; Neurogenic: Anticholinergic drugs, upper or lower motor neuronlesion

In the case of ischemic ARF, the course of the disease may be dividedinto four phases. During an initiation phase, which lasts hours to days,reduced perfusion of the kidney is evolving into injury. Glomerularultrafiltration reduces, the flow of filtrate is reduced due to debriswithin the tubules, and back leakage of filtrate through injuredepithelium occurs. Renal injury can be mediated during this phase byreperfusion of the kidney. Initiation is followed by an extension phasewhich is characterized by continued ischemic injury and inflammation andmay involve endothelial damage and vascular congestion. During themaintenance phase, lasting from 1 to 2 weeks, renal cell injury occurs,and glomerular filtration and urine output reaches a minimum. A recoveryphase can follow in which the renal epithelium is repaired and GFRgradually recovers. Despite this, the survival rate of subjects with ARFmay be as low as about 60%.

Acute kidney injury caused by radiocontrast agents (also called contrastmedia) and other nephrotoxins such as cyclosporine, antibioticsincluding aminoglycosides and anticancer drugs such as cisplatinmanifests over a period of days to about a week. Contrast inducednephropathy (CIN, which is AM caused by radiocontrast agents) is thoughtto be caused by intrarenal vasoconstriction (leading to ischemic injury)and from the generation of reactive oxygen species that are directlytoxic to renal tubular epithelial cells. CIN classically presents as anacute (onset within 24-48 h) but reversible (peak 3-5 days, resolutionwithin 1 week) rise in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine.

A commonly reported criteria for defining and detecting AKI is an abrupt(typically within about 2-7 days or within a period of hospitalization)elevation of serum creatinine. Although the use of serum creatinineelevation to define and detect AM is well established, the magnitude ofthe serum creatinine elevation and the time over which it is measured todefine AKI varies considerably among publications. Traditionally,relatively large increases in serum creatinine such as 100%, 200%, anincrease of at least 100% to a value over 2 mg/dL and other definitionswere used to define AM. However, the recent trend has been towards usingsmaller serum creatinine rises to define AM. The relationship betweenserum creatinine rise, AKI and the associated health risks are reviewedin Praught and Shlipak, Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 14:265-270, 2005 andChertow et al, J Am Soc Nephrol 16: 3365-3370, 2005, which, with thereferences listed therein, are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentirety. As described in these publications, acute worsening renalfunction (AM) and increased risk of death and other detrimental outcomesare now known to be associated with very small increases in serumcreatinine. These increases may be determined as a relative (percent)value or a nominal value. Relative increases in serum creatinine assmall as 20% from the pre-injury value have been reported to indicateacutely worsening renal function (AM) and increased health risk, but themore commonly reported value to define AM and increased health risk is arelative increase of at least 25%. Nominal increases as small as 0.3mg/dL, 0.2 mg/dL or even 0.1 mg/dL have been reported to indicateworsening renal function and increased risk of death. Various timeperiods for the serum creatinine to rise to these threshold values havebeen used to define AKI, for example, ranging from 2 days, 3 days, 7days, or a variable period defined as the time the patient is in thehospital or intensive care unit. These studies indicate there is not aparticular threshold serum creatinine rise (or time period for the rise)for worsening renal function or AKI, but rather a continuous increase inrisk with increasing magnitude of serum creatinine rise.

One study (Lassnigg et all, J Am Soc Nephrol 15:1597-1605, 2004, herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety) investigated both increasesand decreases in serum creatinine. Patients with a mild fall in serumcreatinine of −0.1 to −0.3 mg/dL following heart surgery had the lowestmortality rate. Patients with a larger fall in serum creatinine (morethan or equal to −0.4 mg/dL) or any increase in serum creatinine had alarger mortality rate. These findings caused the authors to concludethat even very subtle changes in renal function (as detected by smallcreatinine changes within 48 hours of surgery) seriously effectpatient's outcomes. In an effort to reach consensus on a unifiedclassification system for using serum creatinine to define AM inclinical trials and in clinical practice, Bellomo et al., Crit Care.8(4):R204-12, 2004, which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety, proposes the following classifications for stratifying AKIpatients:

“Risk”: serum creatinine increased 1.5 fold from baseline OR urineproduction of <0.5 ml/kg body weight/hr for 6 hours;“Injury”: serum creatinine increased 2.0 fold from baseline OR urineproduction <0.5 ml/kg/hr for 12 h;“Failure”: serum creatinine increased 3.0 fold from baseline ORcreatinine >355 μmol/l (with a rise of >44) or urine output below 0.3ml/kg/hr for 24 h or anuria for at least 12 hours;And included two clinical outcomes:“Loss”: persistent need for renal replacement therapy for more than fourweeks.“ESRD”: end stage renal disease—the need for dialysis for more than 3months.

These criteria are called the RIFLE criteria, which provide a usefulclinical tool to classify renal status. As discussed in Kellum, Crit.Care Med. 36: S141-45, 2008 and Ricci et al., Kidney Int. 73, 538-546,2008, each hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, the RIFLEcriteria provide a uniform definition of AM which has been validated innumerous studies.

More recently, Mehta et al., Crit. Care 11:R31 (doi:10.1186.cc5713),2007, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, proposes thefollowing similar classifications for stratifying AKI patients, whichhave been modified from RIFLE:“Stage I”: increase in serum creatinine of more than or equal to 0.3mg/dL (>26.4 μmol/L) or increase to more than or equal to 150%(1.5-fold) from baseline OR urine output less than 0.5 mL/kg per hourfor more than 6 hours;“Stage II”: increase in serum creatinine to more than 200% (>2-fold)from baseline OR urine output less than 0.5 mL/kg per hour for more than12 hours;“Stage III”: increase in serum creatinine to more than 300% (>3-fold)from baseline OR serum creatinine >354 μmol/L accompanied by an acuteincrease of at least 44 μmol/L OR urine output less than 0.3 mL/kg perhour for 24 hours or anuria for 12 hours.

The CIN Consensus Working Panel (McCollough et al, Rev Cardiovasc Med.2006; 7(4):177-197, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety)uses a serum creatinine rise of 25% to define Contrast inducednephropathy (which is a type of AKI). Although various groups proposeslightly different criteria for using serum creatinine to detect AM, theconsensus is that small changes in serum creatinine, such as 0.3 mg/dLor 25%, are sufficient to detect AM (worsening renal function) and thatthe magnitude of the serum creatinine change is an indicator of theseverity of the AM and mortality risk.

Although serial measurement of serum creatinine over a period of days isan accepted method of detecting and diagnosing AM and is considered oneof the most important tools to evaluate AM patients, serum creatinine isgenerally regarded to have several limitations in the diagnosis,assessment and monitoring of AM patients. The time period for serumcreatinine to rise to values (e.g., a 0.3 mg/dL or 25% rise) considereddiagnostic for AKI can be 48 hours or longer depending on the definitionused. Since cellular injury in AM can occur over a period of hours,serum creatinine elevations detected at 48 hours or longer can be a lateindicator of injury, and relying on serum creatinine can thus delaydiagnosis of AKI. Furthermore, serum creatinine is not a good indicatorof the exact kidney status and treatment needs during the most acutephases of AM when kidney function is changing rapidly. Some patientswith AKI will recover fully, some will need dialysis (either short termor long term) and some will have other detrimental outcomes includingdeath, major adverse cardiac events and chronic kidney disease. Becauseserum creatinine is a marker of filtration rate, it does notdifferentiate between the causes of AKI (pre-renal, intrinsic renal,post-renal obstruction, atheroembolic, etc) or the category or locationof injury in intrinsic renal disease (for example, tubular, glomerularor interstitial in origin). Urine output is similarly limited, Knowingthese things can be of vital importance in managing and treatingpatients with AKI.

These limitations underscore the need for better methods to detect andassess AKI, particularly in the early and subclinical stages, but alsoin later stages when recovery and repair of the kidney can occur.Furthermore, there is a need to better identify patients who are at riskof having an AKI.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the invention to provide methods and compositions forevaluating renal function in a subject. As described herein, a measuredurine concentration of one or more of TIMP2 and IGFBP7 in combinationwith a measured concentration of one or more of serum creatinine andurine output are correlated to the renal status of the subject, and canbe used for diagnosis, prognosis, risk stratification, staging,monitoring, categorizing and determination of further diagnosis andtreatment regimens in subjects suffering or at risk of suffering from aninjury to renal function, reduced renal function, and/or acute renalfailure (also called acute kidney injury). Preferred combinationsinclude urine TIMP2×urine IGFBP7×serum creatinine; urine TIMP2×urineIGFBP7/urine output; urine TIMP2×urine IGFBP7×serum creatinine/urineoutput; urine TIMP2×serum creatinine; urine TIMP2/urine output; urineTIMP2×serum creatinine/urine output; urine IGFBP7×serum creatinine;urine IGFBP7/urine output; and urine IGFBP7×serum creatinine/urineoutput.

The kidney injury markers of the present invention may be used,individually or in panels comprising a plurality of kidney injurymarkers, for risk stratification (that is, to identify subjects at riskfor a future injury to renal function, for future progression to reducedrenal function, for future progression to ARF, for future improvement inrenal function, etc.); for diagnosis of existing disease (that is, toidentify subjects who have suffered an injury to renal function, whohave progressed to reduced renal function, who have progressed to ARF,etc.); for monitoring for deterioration or improvement of renalfunction; and for predicting a future medical outcome, such as improvedor worsening renal function, a decreased or increased mortality risk, adecreased or increased risk that a subject will require renalreplacement therapy (i.e., hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis,hemofiltration, and/or renal transplantation, a decreased or increasedrisk that a subject will recover from an injury to renal function, adecreased or increased risk that a subject will recover from ARF, adecreased or increased risk that a subject will progress to end stagerenal disease, a decreased or increased risk that a subject willprogress to chronic renal failure, a decreased or increased risk that asubject will suffer rejection of a transplanted kidney, etc.

In a first aspect, the present invention relates to methods forevaluating renal status in a subject. These methods comprise determininga measured urine concentration of one or more of TIMP2 and IGFBP7 incombination with one or more of a measured concentration of serumcreatinine and a measured urine output, the results of which arecorrelated to the renal status of the subject. This correlation to renalstatus may include correlating the assay result(s) to one or more ofrisk stratification, diagnosis, prognosis, staging, classifying andmonitoring of the subject as described herein. Thus, the presentinvention utilizes one or more kidney injury markers of the presentinvention for the evaluation of renal injury.

In certain embodiments, the methods for evaluating renal statusdescribed herein are methods for risk stratification of the subject;that is, assigning a likelihood of one or more future changes in renalstatus to the subject. In preferred risk stratification embodiments,these methods comprise determining a subject's risk for a future injuryto renal function by combining the assay result(s) into a single “riskvalue” which is then correlated to a likelihood of such a future injuryto renal function. The resulting risk value is preferably a “positivegoing” kidney injury marker, whereby an increased likelihood ofsuffering a future injury to renal function is assigned to the subjectwhen the measured concentration is above a threshold, relative to alikelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below thethreshold. In other preferred risk stratification embodiments, thesemethods comprise determining a subject's risk for future reduced renalfunction, determining a subject's likelihood for a future improvement inrenal function, determining a subject's risk for progression to ARF,and/or determining a subject's outcome risk. In such risk stratificationembodiments, preferably the likelihood or risk assigned is that an eventof interest is more or less likely to occur within 180 days of the timeat which the body fluid sample is obtained from the subject. Inparticularly preferred embodiments, the likelihood or risk assignedrelates to an event of interest occurring within a shorter time periodsuch as 18 months, 120 days, 90 days, 60 days, 45 days, 30 days, 21days, 14 days, 7 days, 5 days, 96 hours, 72 hours, 48 hours, 36 hours,24 hours, 12 hours, or less. A risk at 0 hours of the time at which thebody fluid sample is obtained from the subject is equivalent todiagnosis of a current condition. Preferred risk values are calculatedas urine TIMP2×urine IGFBP7×serum creatinine; urine TIMP2×urineIGFBP7/urine output; urine TIMP2×urine IGFBP7×serum creatinine/urineoutput; urine TIMP2×serum creatinine; urine TIMP2/urine output; urineTIMP2×serum creatinine/urine output; urine IGFBP7×serum creatinine;urine IGFBP7/urine output; and urine IGFBP7×serum creatinine/urineoutput.

In preferred risk stratification embodiments, the subject is selectedfor risk stratification based on the pre-existence in the subject of oneor more known risk factors for prerenal, intrinsic renal, or postrenalARF. For example, a subject undergoing or having undergone majorvascular surgery, coronary artery bypass, or other cardiac surgery; asubject having pre-existing congestive heart failure, preeclampsia,eclampsia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease,proteinuria, renal insufficiency, glomerular filtration below the normalrange, cirrhosis, serum creatinine above the normal range, or sepsis; ora subject exposed to NSAIDs, cyclosporines, tacrolimus, aminoglycosides,foscarnet, ethylene glycol, hemoglobin, myoglobin, ifosfamide, heavymetals, methotrexate, radiopaque contrast agents, or streptozotocin areall preferred subjects for monitoring risks according to the methodsdescribed herein. This list is not meant to be limiting. By“pre-existence” in this context is meant that the risk factor exists atthe time the body fluid sample is obtained from the subject. Inparticularly preferred embodiments, a subject is chosen for riskstratification based on an existing diagnosis of injury to renalfunction, reduced renal function, or ARF.

In preferred diagnostic embodiments, these methods comprise determininga subject's current renal function by combining the assay result(s) intoa single “diagnostic value” which is then correlated to a likelihood ofa particular diagnosis. The resulting diagnostic value is preferably a“positive going” kidney injury marker, whereby an increased likelihoodof a diagnosis is assigned to the subject when the measuredconcentration is above a threshold, relative to a likelihood assignedwhen the measured concentration is below the threshold. In preferreddiagnostic embodiments, these methods comprise diagnosing the occurrenceor nonoccurrence of an injury to renal function, diagnosing theoccurrence or nonoccurrence of reduced renal function, diagnosing theoccurrence or nonoccurrence of ARF, diagnosing a subject as being inneed of renal replacement therapy, and/or diagnosing a subject as beingin need of renal transplantation. Preferred diagnostic values arecalculated as urine TIMP2×urine IGFBP7×serum creatinine; urineTIMP2×urine IGFBP7/urine output; urine TIMP2×urine IGFBP7×serumcreatinine/urine output; urine TIMP2×serum creatinine; urine TIMP2/urineoutput; urine TIMP2×serum creatinine/urine output; urine IGFBP7×serumcreatinine; urine IGFBP7/urine output; and urine IGFBP7×serumcreatinine/urine output.

In still other embodiments, the methods for evaluating renal statusdescribed herein are methods for monitoring a renal injury in thesubject; that is, assessing whether or not renal function is improvingor worsening in a subject who has suffered from an injury to renalfunction, reduced renal function, or ARF. In preferred monitoringembodiments, these methods comprise determining a subject's currentrenal function by combining the assay result(s) into a single“monitoring value” which is then correlated to a likelihood of aparticular clinical outcome. The resulting monitoring value ispreferably a “positive going” kidney injury marker, whereby a decreasedlikelihood of a improvement is assigned to the subject when the measuredconcentration is above a threshold, relative to a likelihood assignedwhen the measured concentration is below the threshold. Preferredmonitoring values are calculated as urine TIMP2×urine IGFBP7×serumcreatinine; urine TIMP2×urine IGFBP7/urine output; urine TIMP2×urineIGFBP7×serum creatinine/urine output; urine TIMP2×serum creatinine;urine TIMP2/urine output; urine TIMP2×serum creatinine/urine output;urine IGFBP7×serum creatinine; urine IGFBP7/urine output; and urineIGFBP7×serum creatinine/urine output.

In preferred monitoring embodiments, these methods comprise monitoringrenal status in a subject suffering from reduced renal function, and theassay result(s) is/are correlated to the occurrence or nonoccurrence ofa change in renal status in the subject. In yet other preferredmonitoring embodiments, these methods comprise monitoring renal statusin a subject suffering from acute renal failure, and the assay result(s)is/are correlated to the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a change inrenal status in the subject. In other additional preferred monitoringembodiments, these methods comprise monitoring renal status in a subjectat risk of an injury to renal function due to the pre-existence of oneor more known risk factors for prerenal, intrinsic renal, or postrenalARF, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to the occurrence ornonoccurrence of a change in renal status in the subject.

In still other embodiments, the methods for evaluating renal statusdescribed herein are methods for classifying a renal injury in thesubject; that is, determining whether a renal injury in a subject isprerenal, intrinsic renal, or postrenal; and/or further subdividingthese classes into subclasses such as acute tubular injury, acuteglomerulonephritis acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, acute vascularnephropathy, or infiltrative disease; and/or assigning a likelihood thata subject will progress to a particular RIFLE stage. In preferredclassification embodiments, these methods comprise determining whether arenal injury in a subject is prerenal, intrinsic renal, or postrenal;and/or further subdividing these classes into subclasses such as acutetubular injury, acute glomerulonephritis acute tubulointerstitialnephritis, acute vascular nephropathy, or infiltrative disease; and/orassigning a likelihood that a subject will progress to a particularRIFLE stage, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to the injuryclassification for the subject. For example, the measured concentrationmay be compared to a threshold value, and when the measuredconcentration is above the threshold, a particular classification isassigned; alternatively, when the measured concentration is below thethreshold, a different classification may be assigned to the subject.

A variety of methods may be used by the skilled artisan to arrive at adesired threshold value for use in these methods. For example, thethreshold value may be determined from a population of normal subjectsby selecting a concentration representing the 75th, 85th, 90th, 95th, or99th percentile of a kidney injury marker measured in such normalsubjects. Alternatively, the threshold value may be determined from a“diseased” population of subjects, e.g., those suffering from an injuryor having a predisposition for an injury (e.g., progression to ARF orsome other clinical outcome such as death, dialysis, renaltransplantation, etc.), by selecting a concentration representing the75th, 85th, 90th, 95th, or 99th percentile of a kidney injury markermeasured in such subjects. In another alternative, the threshold valuemay be determined from a prior measurement of a kidney injury marker inthe same subject; that is, a temporal change in the level of a kidneyinjury marker in the subject may be used to assign risk to the subject.

The foregoing discussion is not meant to imply, however, that the kidneyinjury markers of the present invention must be compared tocorresponding individual thresholds. Methods for combining assay resultscan comprise the use of multivariate logistical regression, loglinearmodeling, neural network analysis, n-of-m analysis, decision treeanalysis, calculating ratios of markers, etc. This list is not meant tobe limiting. In these methods, a composite result which is determined bycombining individual markers may be treated as if it is itself a marker;that is, a threshold may be determined for the composite result asdescribed herein for individual markers, and the composite result for anindividual patient compared to this threshold.

The ability of a particular test to distinguish two populations can beestablished using ROC analysis. For example, ROC curves established froma “first” subpopulation which is predisposed to one or more futurechanges in renal status, and a “second” subpopulation which is not sopredisposed can be used to calculate a ROC curve, and the area under thecurve provides a measure of the quality of the test. Preferably, thetests described herein provide a ROC curve area greater than 0.5,preferably at least 0.6, more preferably at least 0.7, still morepreferably at least 0.8, even more preferably at least 0.9, and mostpreferably at least 0.95.

In certain aspects, the measured concentration of one or more kidneyinjury markers, or a composite of such markers, may be treated ascontinuous variables. For example, any particular concentration can beconverted into a corresponding probability of a future reduction inrenal function for the subject, the occurrence of an injury, aclassification, etc. In yet another alternative, a threshold that canprovide an acceptable level of specificity and sensitivity in separatinga population of subjects into “bins” such as a “first” subpopulation(e.g., which is predisposed to one or more future changes in renalstatus, the occurrence of an injury, a classification, etc.) and a“second” subpopulation which is not so predisposed. A threshold value isselected to separate this first and second population by one or more ofthe following measures of test accuracy:

an odds ratio greater than 1, preferably at least about 2 or more orabout 0.5 or less, more preferably at least about 3 or more or about0.33 or less, still more preferably at least about 4 or more or about0.25 or less, even more preferably at least about 5 or more or about 0.2or less, and most preferably at least about 10 or more or about 0.1 orless;a specificity of greater than 0.5, preferably at least about 0.6, morepreferably at least about 0.7, still more preferably at least about 0.8,even more preferably at least about 0.9 and most preferably at leastabout 0.95, with a corresponding sensitivity greater than 0.2,preferably greater than about 0.3, more preferably greater than about0.4, still more preferably at least about 0.5, even more preferablyabout 0.6, yet more preferably greater than about 0.7, still morepreferably greater than about 0.8, more preferably greater than about0.9, and most preferably greater than about 0.95;a sensitivity of greater than 0.5, preferably at least about 0.6, morepreferably at least about 0.7, still more preferably at least about 0.8,even more preferably at least about 0.9 and most preferably at leastabout 0.95, with a corresponding specificity greater than 0.2,preferably greater than about 0.3, more preferably greater than about0.4, still more preferably at least about 0.5, even more preferablyabout 0.6, yet more preferably greater than about 0.7, still morepreferably greater than about 0.8, more preferably greater than about0.9, and most preferably greater than about 0.95;at least about 75% sensitivity, combined with at least about 75%specificity;a positive likelihood ratio (calculated as sensitivity/(1-specificity))of greater than 1, at least about 2, more preferably at least about 3,still more preferably at least about 5, and most preferably at leastabout 10; ora negative likelihood ratio (calculated as (1-sensitivity)/specificity)of less than 1, less than or equal to about 0.5, more preferably lessthan or equal to about 0.3, and most preferably less than or equal toabout 0.1.The term “about” in the context of any of the above measurements refersto +/−5% of a given measurement.

Multiple thresholds may also be used to assess renal status in asubject. For example, a “first” subpopulation which is predisposed toone or more future changes in renal status, the occurrence of an injury,a classification, etc., and a “second” subpopulation which is not sopredisposed can be combined into a single group. This group is thensubdivided into three or more equal parts (known as tertiles, quartiles,quintiles, etc., depending on the number of subdivisions). An odds ratiois assigned to subjects based on which subdivision they fall into. Ifone considers a tertile, the lowest or highest tertile can be used as areference for comparison of the other subdivisions. This referencesubdivision is assigned an odds ratio of 1. The second tertile isassigned an odds ratio that is relative to that first tertile. That is,someone in the second tertile might be 3 times more likely to suffer oneor more future changes in renal status in comparison to someone in thefirst tertile. The third tertile is also assigned an odds ratio that isrelative to that first tertile.

In certain embodiments, the assay method is an immunoassay. Antibodiesfor use in such assays will specifically bind a full length kidneyinjury marker of interest, and may also bind one or more polypeptidesthat are “related” thereto, as that term is defined hereinafter.Numerous immunoassay formats are known to those of skill in the art.Preferred body fluid samples are selected from the group consisting ofurine, blood, serum, saliva, tears, and plasma. In the case of thosekidney injury markers which are membrane proteins as describedhereinafter, preferred assays detect soluble forms thereof.

The foregoing method steps should not be interpreted to mean that thekidney injury marker assay result(s) is/are used in isolation in themethods described herein. Rather, additional variables or other clinicalindicia may be included in the methods described herein. For example, arisk stratification, diagnostic, classification, monitoring, etc. methodmay combine the assay result(s) with one or more variables measured forthe subject selected from the group consisting of demographicinformation (e.g., weight, sex, age, race), medical history (e.g.,family history, type of surgery, pre-existing disease such as aneurism,congestive heart failure, preeclampsia, eclampsia, diabetes mellitus,hypertension, coronary artery disease, proteinuria, renal insufficiency,or sepsis, type of toxin exposure such as NSAIDs, cyclosporines,tacrolimus, aminoglycosides, foscarnet, ethylene glycol, hemoglobin,myoglobin, ifosfamide, heavy metals, methotrexate, radiopaque contrastagents, or streptozotocin), clinical variables (e.g., blood pressure,temperature, respiration rate), risk scores (APACHE score, PREDICTscore, TIMI Risk Score for UA/NSTEMI, Framingham Risk Score, risk scoresof Thakar et al. (J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16: 162-68, 2005), Mehran et al.(J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 44: 1393-99, 2004), Wijeysundera et al. (JAMA297: 1801-9, 2007), Goldstein and Chawla (Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 5:943-49, 2010), or Chawla et al. (Kidney Intl. 68: 2274-80, 2005)), aglomerular filtration rate, an estimated glomerular filtration rate, aurine production rate, a serum or plasma creatinine concentration, aurine creatinine concentration, a fractional excretion of sodium, aurine sodium concentration, a urine creatinine to serum or plasmacreatinine ratio, a urine specific gravity, a urine osmolality, a urineurea nitrogen to plasma urea nitrogen ratio, a plasma BUN to creatnineratio, a renal failure index calculated as urine sodium/(urinecreatinine/plasma creatinine), a serum or plasma neutrophil gelatinase(NGAL) concentration, a urine NGAL concentration, a serum or plasmacystatin C concentration, a serum or plasma cardiac troponinconcentration, a serum or plasma BNP concentration, a serum or plasmaNTproBNP concentration, and a serum or plasma proBNP concentration.Other measures of renal function which may be combined with one or morekidney injury marker assay result(s) are described hereinafter and inHarrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17^(th) Ed., McGraw Hill,New York, pages 1741-1830, and Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment2008, 47^(th) Ed, McGraw Hill, New York, pages 785-815, each of whichare hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

When more than one marker is measured, the individual markers may bemeasured in samples obtained at the same time, or may be determined fromsamples obtained at different (e.g., an earlier or later) times. Theindividual markers may also be measured on the same or different bodyfluid samples. For example, one kidney injury marker may be measured ina serum or plasma sample and another kidney injury marker may bemeasured in a urine sample. In addition, assignment of a likelihood maycombine an individual kidney injury marker assay result with temporalchanges in one or more additional variables.

In various related aspects, the present invention also relates todevices and kits for performing the methods described herein. Suitablekits comprise reagents sufficient for performing an assay for at leastone of the described kidney injury markers, together with instructionsfor performing the described threshold comparisons.

In certain embodiments, reagents for performing such assays are providedin an assay device, and such assay devices may be included in such akit. Preferred reagents can comprise one or more solid phase antibodies,the solid phase antibody comprising antibody that detects the intendedbiomarker target(s) bound to a solid support. In the case of sandwichimmunoassays, such reagents can also include one or more detectablylabeled antibodies, the detectably labeled antibody comprising antibodythat detects the intended biomarker target(s) bound to a detectablelabel. Additional optional elements that may be provided as part of anassay device are described hereinafter.

Detectable labels may include molecules that are themselves detectable(e.g., fluorescent moieties, electrochemical labels, ecl(electrochemical luminescence) labels, metal chelates, colloidal metalparticles, etc.) as well as molecules that may be indirectly detected byproduction of a detectable reaction product (e.g., enzymes such ashorseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, etc.) or through the useof a specific binding molecule which itself may be detectable (e.g., alabeled antibody that binds to the second antibody, biotin, digoxigenin,maltose, oligohistidine, 2,4-dintrobenzene, phenylarsenate, ssDNA,dsDNA, etc.).

Generation of a signal from the signal development element can beperformed using various optical, acoustical, and electrochemical methodsand instruments well known in the art. Examples of detection modesinclude fluorescence, radiochemical detection, reflectance, absorbance,amperometry, conductance, impedance, interferometry, ellipsometry, etc.In certain of these methods, the solid phase antibody is coupled to atransducer (e.g., a diffraction grating, electrochemical sensor, etc)for generation of a signal, while in others, a signal is generated by atransducer that is spatially separate from the solid phase antibody(e.g., a fluorometer that employs an excitation light source and anoptical detector). This list is not meant to be limiting. Antibody-basedbiosensors may also be employed to determine the presence or amount ofanalytes that optionally eliminate the need for a labeled molecule.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods and compositions for diagnosis,differential diagnosis, risk stratification, monitoring, classifying anddetermination of treatment regimens in subjects suffering or at risk ofsuffering from injury to renal function, reduced renal function and/oracute renal failure through measurement of one or more kidney injurymarkers. In various embodiments, a measured urine concentration of oneor more of TIMP2 and IGFBP7 in combination with a measured concentrationof one or more of serum creatinine and urine output are correlated tothe renal status of the subject. Preferred combinations include urineTIMP2×urine IGFBP7×serum creatinine; urine TIMP2×urine IGFBP7/urineoutput; urine TIMP2×urine IGFBP7×serum creatinine/urine output; urineTIMP2×serum creatinine; urine TIMP2/urine output; urine TIMP2×serumcreatinine/urine output; urine IGFBP7×serum creatinine; urineIGFBP7/urine output; and urine IGFBP7×serum creatinine/urine output. Inthese expressions, the operators “x” and “/” indicate multiplication anddivision, respectively. Other methods of combining assayresults/clinical indicia can comprise the use of multivariate logisticalregression, loglinear modeling, neural network analysis, n-of-manalysis, decision tree analysis, etc. This list is not meant to belimiting.

For purposes of this document, the following definitions apply:

As used herein, an “injury to renal function” is an abrupt (within 14days, preferably within 7 days, more preferably within 72 hours, stillmore preferably within 48 hours, even more preferably within 24 hours,and most preferably within 12-18 hours) measurable reduction in ameasure of renal function. Such an injury may be identified, forexample, by a decrease in glomerular filtration rate or estimated GFR, areduction in urine output, an increase in serum creatinine, an increasein serum cystatin C, a requirement for renal replacement therapy, etc“Improvement in Renal Function” is an abrupt (within 14 days, preferablywithin 7 days, more preferably within 72 hours, and still morepreferably within 48 hours) measurable increase in a measure of renalfunction. Preferred methods for measuring and/or estimating GFR aredescribed hereinafter.

As used herein, “reduced renal function” is an abrupt (within 14 days,preferably within 7 days, more preferably within 72 hours, and stillmore preferably within 48 hours) reduction in kidney function identifiedby an absolute increase in serum creatinine of greater than or equal to0.1 mg/dL (≧8.8 μmol/L), a percentage increase in serum creatinine ofgreater than or equal to 20% (1.2-fold from baseline), or a reduction inurine output (documented oliguria of less than 0.5 ml/kg per hour).

As used herein, “acute renal failure” or “ARF” is an abrupt (within 14days, preferably within 7 days, more preferably within 72 hours, andstill more preferably within 48 hours) reduction in kidney functionidentified by an absolute increase in serum creatinine of greater thanor equal to 0.3 mg/dl (≧26.4 μmol/l), a percentage increase in serumcreatinine of greater than or equal to 50% (1.5-fold from baseline), ora reduction in urine output (documented oliguria of less than 0.5 ml/kgper hour for at least 6 hours). This term is synonymous with “acutekidney injury” or “AKI.”

As used herein, the terms “Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2” or “TIMP2”refer to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample thatare derived from the Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 precursor. The humanprecursor sequence (Swiss-Prot P16035 (SEQ ID NO: 1)) is as follows:

        10         20         30         40         50         60MGAAARTLRL ALGLLLLATL LRPADACSCS PVHPQQAFCN ADVVIRAKAV SEKEVDSGND        70         80         90        100        110        120IYGNPIKRIQ YEIKQIKMFK GPEKDIEFIY TAPSSAVCGV SLDVGGKKEY LIAGKAEGDG       130        140        150       160         170        180KMHITLCDFI VPWDTLSTTQ KKSLNHRYQM GCECKITRCP MIPCYISSPD ECLWMDWVTE       190        200        210        220KNINGHQAKF FACIKRSDGS CAWYRGAAPP KQEFLDIEDP

The following domains have been identified in Metalloproteinaseinhibitor 2:

Residues Length Domain ID

1-26 26 Signal peptide27-220 194 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2

As used herein, the terms “Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7”or “IGFBP7” refer to one or more polypeptides present in a biologicalsample that are derived from the Insulin-like growth factor-bindingprotein 7 precursor. The human precursor sequence (Swiss-Prot Q16270(SEQ ID NO: 2)) is as follows:

        10         20         30         40         50         60MERPSLRALL LGAAGLLLLL LPLSSSSSSD TCGPCEPASC PPLPPLGCLL GETRDACGCC        70         80         90        100        110        120PMCARGEGEP CGGGGAGRGY CAPGMECVKS RKRRKGKAGA AAGGPGVSGV CVCKSRYPVC       130        140        150        160        170        180GSDGTTYPSG CQLRAASQRA ESRGEKAITQ VSKGTCEQGP SIVTPPKDIW NVTGAQVYLS       190        200        210        220        230        240CEVIGIPTPV LIWNKVKRGH YGVQRTELLP GDRDNLAIQT RGGPEKHEVT GWVLVSPLSK       250        260        270        280EDAGEYECHA SNSQGQASAS AKITVVDALH EIPVKKGEGA EL

The following domains have been identified in Insulin-like growthfactor-binding protein 7:

Residues Length Domain ID

1-26 26 Signal peptide27-282 256 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7

As used herein, the term “relating a signal to the presence or amount”of an analyte reflects the following understanding. Assay signals aretypically related to the presence or amount of an analyte through theuse of a standard curve calculated using known concentrations of theanalyte of interest. As the term is used herein, an assay is “configuredto detect” an analyte if an assay can generate a detectable signalindicative of the presence or amount of a physiologically relevantconcentration of the analyte. Because an antibody epitope is on theorder of 8 amino acids, an immunoassay configured to detect a marker ofinterest will also detect polypeptides related to the marker sequence,so long as those polypeptides contain the epitope(s) necessary to bindto the antibody or antibodies used in the assay. The term “relatedmarker” as used herein with regard to a biomarker such as one of thekidney injury markers described herein refers to one or more fragments,variants, etc., of a particular marker or its biosynthetic parent thatmay be detected as a surrogate for the marker itself or as independentbiomarkers. The term also refers to one or more polypeptides present ina biological sample that are derived from the biomarker precursorcomplexed to additional species, such as binding proteins, receptors,heparin, lipids, sugars, etc.

In this regard, the skilled artisan will understand that the signalsobtained from an immunoassay are a direct result of complexes formedbetween one or more antibodies and the target biomolecule (i.e., theanalyte) and polypeptides containing the necessary epitope(s) to whichthe antibodies bind. While such assays may detect the full lengthbiomarker and the assay result be expressed as a concentration of abiomarker of interest, the signal from the assay is actually a result ofall such “immunoreactive” polypeptides present in the sample. Expressionof biomarkers may also be determined by means other than immunoassays,including protein measurements (such as dot blots, western blots,chromatographic methods, mass spectrometry, etc.) and nucleic acidmeasurements (mRNA quatitation). This list is not meant to be limiting.

The term “positive going” marker as that term is used herein refer to amarker that is determined to be elevated in subjects suffering from adisease or condition, relative to subjects not suffering from thatdisease or condition. The term “negative going” marker as that term isused herein refer to a marker that is determined to be reduced insubjects suffering from a disease or condition, relative to subjects notsuffering from that disease or condition.

The term “subject” as used herein refers to a human or non-humanorganism. Thus, the methods and compositions described herein areapplicable to both human and veterinary disease. Further, while asubject is preferably a living organism, the invention described hereinmay be used in post-mortem analysis as well. Preferred subjects arehumans, and most preferably “patients,” which as used herein refers toliving humans that are receiving medical care for a disease orcondition. This includes persons with no defined illness who are beinginvestigated for signs of pathology.

Preferably, an analyte is measured in a sample. Such a sample may beobtained from a subject, or may be obtained from biological materialsintended to be provided to the subject. For example, a sample may beobtained from a kidney being evaluated for possible transplantation intoa subject, and an analyte measurement used to evaluate the kidney forpreexisting damage. Preferred samples are body fluid samples.

The term “body fluid sample” as used herein refers to a sample of bodilyfluid obtained for the purpose of diagnosis, prognosis, classificationor evaluation of a subject of interest, such as a patient or transplantdonor. In certain embodiments, such a sample may be obtained for thepurpose of determining the outcome of an ongoing condition or the effectof a treatment regimen on a condition. Preferred body fluid samplesinclude blood, serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, saliva,sputum, and pleural effusions. In addition, one of skill in the artwould realize that certain body fluid samples would be more readilyanalyzed following a fractionation or purification procedure, forexample, separation of whole blood into serum or plasma components.

The term “diagnosis” as used herein refers to methods by which theskilled artisan can estimate and/or determine the probability (“alikelihood”) of whether or not a patient is suffering from a givendisease or condition. In the case of the present invention, “diagnosis”includes using the results of an assay, most preferably an immunoassay,for a kidney injury marker of the present invention, optionally togetherwith other clinical characteristics, to arrive at a diagnosis (that is,the occurrence or nonoccurrence) of an acute renal injury or ARF for thesubject from which a sample was obtained and assayed. That such adiagnosis is “determined” is not meant to imply that the diagnosis is100% accurate. Many biomarkers are indicative of multiple conditions.The skilled clinician does not use biomarker results in an informationalvacuum, but rather test results are used together with other clinicalindicia to arrive at a diagnosis. Thus, a measured biomarker level onone side of a predetermined diagnostic threshold indicates a greaterlikelihood of the occurrence of disease in the subject relative to ameasured level on the other side of the predetermined diagnosticthreshold.

Similarly, a prognostic risk signals a probability (“a likelihood”) thata given course or outcome will occur. A level or a change in level of aprognostic indicator, which in turn is associated with an increasedprobability of morbidity (e.g., worsening renal function, future ARF, ordeath) is referred to as being “indicative of an increased likelihood”of an adverse outcome in a patient.

Marker Assays

In general, immunoassays involve contacting a sample containing orsuspected of containing a biomarker of interest with at least oneantibody that specifically binds to the biomarker. A signal is thengenerated indicative of the presence or amount of complexes formed bythe binding of polypeptides in the sample to the antibody. The signal isthen related to the presence or amount of the biomarker in the sample.Numerous methods and devices are well known to the skilled artisan forthe detection and analysis of biomarkers. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.6,143,576; 6,113,855; 6,019,944; 5,985,579; 5,947,124; 5,939,272;5,922,615; 5,885,527; 5,851,776; 5,824,799; 5,679,526; 5,525,524; and5,480,792, and The Immunoassay Handbook, David Wild, ed. Stockton Press,New York, 1994, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety, including all tables, figures and claims.

The assay devices and methods known in the art can utilize labeledmolecules in various sandwich, competitive, or non-competitive assayformats, to generate a signal that is related to the presence or amountof the biomarker of interest. Suitable assay formats also includechromatographic, mass spectrographic, and protein “blotting” methods.Additionally, certain methods and devices, such as biosensors andoptical immunoassays, may be employed to determine the presence oramount of analytes without the need for a labeled molecule. See, e.g.,U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,631,171; and 5,955,377, each of which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety, including all tables, figuresand claims. One skilled in the art also recognizes that roboticinstrumentation including but not limited to Beckman ACCESS®, AbbottAXSYM®, Roche ELECSYS®, Dade Behring STRATUS® systems are among theimmunoassay analyzers that are capable of performing immunoassays. Butany suitable immunoassay may be utilized, for example, enzyme-linkedimmunoassays (ELISA), radioimmunoassays (RIAs), competitive bindingassays, and the like.

Antibodies or other polypeptides may be immobilized onto a variety ofsolid supports for use in assays. Solid phases that may be used toimmobilize specific binding members include those developed and/or usedas solid phases in solid phase binding assays. Examples of suitablesolid phases include membrane filters, cellulose-based papers, beads(including polymeric, latex and paramagnetic particles), glass, siliconwafers, microparticles, nanoparticles, TentaGels, AgroGels, PEGA gels,SPOCC gels, and multiple-well plates. An assay strip could be preparedby coating the antibody or a plurality of antibodies in an array onsolid support. This strip could then be dipped into the test sample andthen processed quickly through washes and detection steps to generate ameasurable signal, such as a colored spot. Antibodies or otherpolypeptides may be bound to specific zones of assay devices either byconjugating directly to an assay device surface, or by indirect binding.In an example of the later case, antibodies or other polypeptides may beimmobilized on particles or other solid supports, and that solid supportimmobilized to the device surface.

Biological assays require methods for detection, and one of the mostcommon methods for quantitation of results is to conjugate a detectablelabel to a protein or nucleic acid that has affinity for one of thecomponents in the biological system being studied. Detectable labels mayinclude molecules that are themselves detectable (e.g., fluorescentmoieties, electrochemical labels, metal chelates, etc.) as well asmolecules that may be indirectly detected by production of a detectablereaction product (e.g., enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase, alkalinephosphatase, etc.) or by a specific binding molecule which itself may bedetectable (e.g., biotin, digoxigenin, maltose, oligohistidine,2,4-dintrobenzene, phenylarsenate, ssDNA, dsDNA, etc.).

Preparation of solid phases and detectable label conjugates oftencomprise the use of chemical cross-linkers. Cross-linking reagentscontain at least two reactive groups, and are divided generally intohomofunctional cross-linkers (containing identical reactive groups) andheterofunctional cross-linkers (containing non-identical reactivegroups). Homobifunctional cross-linkers that couple through amines,sulfhydryls or react non-specifically are available from many commercialsources. Maleimides, alkyl and aryl halides, alpha-haloacyls and pyridyldisulfides are thiol reactive groups. Maleimides, alkyl and arylhalides, and alpha-haloacyls react with sulfhydryls to form thiol etherbonds, while pyridyl disulfides react with sulfhydryls to produce mixeddisulfides. The pyridyl disulfide product is cleavable. Imidoesters arealso very useful for protein-protein cross-links. A variety ofheterobifunctional cross-linkers, each combining different attributesfor successful conjugation, are commercially available.

In certain aspects, the present invention provides kits for the analysisof the described kidney injury markers. The kit comprises reagents forthe analysis of at least one test sample which comprise at least oneantibody that a kidney injury marker. The kit can also include devicesand instructions for performing one or more of the diagnostic and/orprognostic correlations described herein. Preferred kits will comprisean antibody pair for performing a sandwich assay, or a labeled speciesfor performing a competitive assay, for the analyte. Preferably, anantibody pair comprises a first antibody conjugated to a solid phase anda second antibody conjugated to a detectable label, wherein each of thefirst and second antibodies that bind a kidney injury marker. Mostpreferably each of the antibodies are monoclonal antibodies. Theinstructions for use of the kit and performing the correlations can bein the form of labeling, which refers to any written or recordedmaterial that is attached to, or otherwise accompanies a kit at any timeduring its manufacture, transport, sale or use. For example, the termlabeling encompasses advertising leaflets and brochures, packagingmaterials, instructions, audio or video cassettes, computer discs, aswell as writing imprinted directly on kits.

Antibodies

The term “antibody” as used herein refers to a peptide or polypeptidederived from, modeled after or substantially encoded by animmunoglobulin gene or immunoglobulin genes, or fragments thereof,capable of specifically binding an antigen or epitope. See, e.g.Fundamental Immunology, 3rd Edition, W. E. Paul, ed., Raven Press, N.Y.(1993); Wilson (1994; J. Immunol. Methods 175:267-273; Yarmush (1992) J.Biochem. Biophys. Methods 25:85-97. The term antibody includesantigen-binding portions, i.e., “antigen binding sites,” (e.g.,fragments, subsequences, complementarity determining regions (CDRs))that retain capacity to bind antigen, including (i) a Fab fragment, amonovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL and CH1 domains; (ii) aF(ab′)2 fragment, a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragmentslinked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fd fragmentconsisting of the VH and CH1 domains; (iv) a Fv fragment consisting ofthe VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody, (v) a dAb fragment(Ward et al., (1989) Nature 341:544-546), which consists of a VH domain;and (vi) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR). Singlechain antibodies are also included by reference in the term “antibody.”

Antibodies used in the immunoassays described herein preferablyspecifically bind to a kidney injury marker of the present invention.The term “specifically binds” is not intended to indicate that anantibody binds exclusively to its intended target since, as noted above,an antibody binds to any polypeptide displaying the epitope(s) to whichthe antibody binds. Rather, an antibody “specifically binds” if itsaffinity for its intended target is about 5-fold greater when comparedto its affinity for a non-target molecule which does not display theappropriate epitope(s). Preferably the affinity of the antibody will beat least about 5 fold, preferably 10 fold, more preferably 25-fold, evenmore preferably 50-fold, and most preferably 100-fold or more, greaterfor a target molecule than its affinity for a non-target molecule. Inpreferred embodiments, Preferred antibodies bind with affinities of atleast about 10⁷ M⁻¹, and preferably between about 10⁸ M⁻¹ to about 10⁹M⁻¹, about 10⁹ M⁻¹ to about 10¹⁰ M⁻¹, or about 10¹⁰ M⁻¹ to about 10¹²M⁻¹.

Affinity is calculated as K_(d)=k_(off)/k_(on) (k_(off) is thedissociation rate constant, K_(on) is the association rate constant andK_(d) is the equilibrium constant). Affinity can be determined atequilibrium by measuring the fraction bound (r) of labeled ligand atvarious concentrations (c). The data are graphed using the Scatchardequation: r/c=K(n−r): where r=moles of bound ligand/mole of receptor atequilibrium; c=free ligand concentration at equilibrium; K=equilibriumassociation constant; and n=number of ligand binding sites per receptormolecule. By graphical analysis, r/c is plotted on the Y-axis versus ron the X-axis, thus producing a Scatchard plot. Antibody affinitymeasurement by Scatchard analysis is well known in the art. See, e.g.,van Erp et al., J. Immunoassay 12: 425-43, 1991; Nelson and Griswold,Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 27: 65-8, 1988.

The term “epitope” refers to an antigenic determinant capable ofspecific binding to an antibody. Epitopes usually consist of chemicallyactive surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids or sugar sidechains and usually have specific three dimensional structuralcharacteristics, as well as specific charge characteristics.Conformational and nonconformational epitopes are distinguished in thatthe binding to the former but not the latter is lost in the presence ofdenaturing solvents.

Numerous publications discuss the use of phage display technology toproduce and screen libraries of polypeptides for binding to a selectedanalyte. See, e.g, Cwirla et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87,6378-82, 1990; Devlin et al., Science 249, 404-6, 1990, Scott and Smith,Science 249, 386-88, 1990; and Ladner et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,698. Abasic concept of phage display methods is the establishment of aphysical association between DNA encoding a polypeptide to be screenedand the polypeptide. This physical association is provided by the phageparticle, which displays a polypeptide as part of a capsid enclosing thephage genome which encodes the polypeptide. The establishment of aphysical association between polypeptides and their genetic materialallows simultaneous mass screening of very large numbers of phagebearing different polypeptides. Phage displaying a polypeptide withaffinity to a target bind to the target and these phage are enriched byaffinity screening to the target. The identity of polypeptides displayedfrom these phage can be determined from their respective genomes. Usingthese methods a polypeptide identified as having a binding affinity fora desired target can then be synthesized in bulk by conventional means.See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,057,098, which is hereby incorporated in itsentirety, including all tables, figures, and claims.

The antibodies that are generated by these methods may then be selectedby first screening for affinity and specificity with the purifiedpolypeptide of interest and, if required, comparing the results to theaffinity and specificity of the antibodies with polypeptides that aredesired to be excluded from binding. The screening procedure can involveimmobilization of the purified polypeptides in separate wells ofmicrotiter plates. The solution containing a potential antibody orgroups of antibodies is then placed into the respective microtiter wellsand incubated for about 30 min to 2 h. The microtiter wells are thenwashed and a labeled secondary antibody (for example, an anti-mouseantibody conjugated to alkaline phosphatase if the raised antibodies aremouse antibodies) is added to the wells and incubated for about 30 minand then washed. Substrate is added to the wells and a color reactionwill appear where antibody to the immobilized polypeptide(s) arepresent.

The antibodies so identified may then be further analyzed for affinityand specificity in the assay design selected. In the development ofimmunoassays for a target protein, the purified target protein acts as astandard with which to judge the sensitivity and specificity of theimmunoassay using the antibodies that have been selected. Because thebinding affinity of various antibodies may differ; certain antibodypairs (e.g., in sandwich assays) may interfere with one anothersterically, etc., assay performance of an antibody may be a moreimportant measure than absolute affinity and specificity of an antibody.

While the present application describes antibody-based binding assays indetail, alternatives to antibodies as binding species in assays are wellknown in the art. These include receptors for a particular target,aptamers, etc. Aptamers are oligonucleic acid or peptide molecules thatbind to a specific target molecule. Aptamers are usually created byselecting them from a large random sequence pool, but natural aptamersalso exist. High-affinity aptamers containing modified nucleotidesconferring improved characteristics on the ligand, such as improved invivo stability or improved delivery characteristics. Examples of suchmodifications include chemical substitutions at the ribose and/orphosphate and/or base positions, and may include amino acid side chainfunctionalities.

Assay Correlations

The term “correlating” as used herein in reference to the use ofbiomarkers refers to comparing the presence or amount of thebiomarker(s) in a patient to its presence or amount in persons known tosuffer from, or known to be at risk of, a given condition; or in personsknown to be free of a given condition. Often, this takes the form ofcomparing an assay result in the form of a biomarker concentration to apredetermined threshold selected to be indicative of the occurrence ornonoccurrence of a disease or the likelihood of some future outcome.

Selecting a diagnostic threshold involves, among other things,consideration of the probability of disease, distribution of true andfalse diagnoses at different test thresholds, and estimates of theconsequences of treatment (or a failure to treat) based on thediagnosis. For example, when considering administering a specifictherapy which is highly efficacious and has a low level of risk, fewtests are needed because clinicians can accept substantial diagnosticuncertainty. On the other hand, in situations where treatment optionsare less effective and more risky, clinicians often need a higher degreeof diagnostic certainty. Thus, cost/benefit analysis is involved inselecting a diagnostic threshold.

Suitable thresholds may be determined in a variety of ways. For example,one recommended diagnostic threshold for the diagnosis of acutemyocardial infarction using cardiac troponin is the 97.5th percentile ofthe concentration seen in a normal population. Another method may be tolook at serial samples from the same patient, where a prior “baseline”result is used to monitor for temporal changes in a biomarker level.

Population studies may also be used to select a decision threshold.Reciever Operating Characteristic (“ROC”) arose from the field of signaldetection theory developed during World War II for the analysis of radarimages, and ROC analysis is often used to select a threshold able tobest distinguish a “diseased” subpopulation from a “nondiseased”subpopulation. A false positive in this case occurs when the persontests positive, but actually does not have the disease. A falsenegative, on the other hand, occurs when the person tests negative,suggesting they are healthy, when they actually do have the disease. Todraw a ROC curve, the true positive rate (TPR) and false positive rate(FPR) are determined as the decision threshold is varied continuously.Since TPR is equivalent with sensitivity and FPR is equal to1−specificity, the ROC graph is sometimes called the sensitivity vs(1−specificity) plot. A perfect test will have an area under the ROCcurve of 1.0; a random test will have an area of 0.5. A threshold isselected to provide an acceptable level of specificity and sensitivity.

In this context, “diseased” is meant to refer to a population having onecharacteristic (the presence of a disease or condition or the occurrenceof some outcome) and “nondiseased” is meant to refer to a populationlacking the characteristic. While a single decision threshold is thesimplest application of such a method, multiple decision thresholds maybe used. For example, below a first threshold, the absence of diseasemay be assigned with relatively high confidence, and above a secondthreshold the presence of disease may also be assigned with relativelyhigh confidence. Between the two thresholds may be consideredindeterminate. This is meant to be exemplary in nature only.

In addition to threshold comparisons, other methods for correlatingassay results to a patient classification (occurrence or nonoccurrenceof disease, likelihood of an outcome, etc.) include decision trees, rulesets, Bayesian methods, and neural network methods. These methods canproduce probability values representing the degree to which a subjectbelongs to one classification out of a plurality of classifications.

Measures of test accuracy may be obtained as described in Fischer etal., Intensive Care Med. 29: 1043-51, 2003, and used to determine theeffectiveness of a given biomarker. These measures include sensitivityand specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, diagnostic oddsratios, and ROC curve areas. The area under the curve (“AUC”) of a ROCplot is equal to the probability that a classifier will rank a randomlychosen positive instance higher than a randomly chosen negative one. Thearea under the ROC curve may be thought of as equivalent to theMann-Whitney U test, which tests for the median difference betweenscores obtained in the two groups considered if the groups are ofcontinuous data, or to the Wilcoxon test of ranks.

As discussed above, suitable tests may exhibit one or more of thefollowing results on these various measures: a specificity of greaterthan 0.5, preferably at least 0.6, more preferably at least 0.7, stillmore preferably at least 0.8, even more preferably at least 0.9 and mostpreferably at least 0.95, with a corresponding sensitivity greater than0.2, preferably greater than 0.3, more preferably greater than 0.4,still more preferably at least 0.5, even more preferably 0.6, yet morepreferably greater than 0.7, still more preferably greater than 0.8,more preferably greater than 0.9, and most preferably greater than 0.95;a sensitivity of greater than 0.5, preferably at least 0.6, morepreferably at least 0.7, still more preferably at least 0.8, even morepreferably at least 0.9 and most preferably at least 0.95, with acorresponding specificity greater than 0.2, preferably greater than 0.3,more preferably greater than 0.4, still more preferably at least 0.5,even more preferably 0.6, yet more preferably greater than 0.7, stillmore preferably greater than 0.8, more preferably greater than 0.9, andmost preferably greater than 0.95; at least 75% sensitivity, combinedwith at least 75% specificity; a ROC curve area of greater than 0.5,preferably at least 0.6, more preferably 0.7, still more preferably atleast 0.8, even more preferably at least 0.9, and most preferably atleast 0.95; an odds ratio different from 1, preferably at least about 2or more or about 0.5 or less, more preferably at least about 3 or moreor about 0.33 or less, still more preferably at least about 4 or more orabout 0.25 or less, even more preferably at least about 5 or more orabout 0.2 or less, and most preferably at least about 10 or more orabout 0.1 or less; a positive likelihood ratio (calculated assensitivity/(1-specificity)) of greater than 1, at least 2, morepreferably at least 3, still more preferably at least 5, and mostpreferably at least 10; and or a negative likelihood ratio (calculatedas (1-sensitivity)/specificity) of less than 1, less than or equal to0.5, more preferably less than or equal to 0.3, and most preferably lessthan or equal to 0.1

Additional clinical indicia may be combined with the kidney injurymarker assay result(s) of the present invention. These include otherbiomarkers related to renal status. Examples include the following,which recite the common biomarker name, followed by the Swiss-Prot entrynumber for that biomarker or its parent: Actin (P68133); Adenosinedeaminase binding protein (DPP4, P27487); Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1(P02763); Alpha-1-microglobulin (P02760); Albumin (P02768);Angiotensinogenase (Renin, P00797); Annexin A2 (P07355);Beta-glucuronidase (P08236); B-2-microglobulin (P61679);Beta-galactosidase (P16278); BMP-7 (P18075); Brain natriuretic peptide(proBNP, BNP-32, NTproBNP; P16860); Calcium-binding protein Beta(S100-beta, P04271); Carbonic anhydrase (Q16790); Casein Kinase 2(P68400); Ceruloplasmin (P00450); Clusterin (P10909); Complement C3(P01024); Cysteine-rich protein (CYR61, 000622); Cytochrome C (P99999);Epidermal growth factor (EGF, P01133); Endothelin-1 (P05305); ExosomalFetuin-A (P02765); Fatty acid-binding protein, heart (FABP3, P05413);Fatty acid-binding protein, liver (P07148); Ferritin (light chain,P02793; heavy chain P02794); Fructose-1,6-biphosphatase (P09467);GRO-alpha (CXCL1, (P09341); Growth Hormone (P01241); Hepatocyte growthfactor (P14210); Insulin-like growth factor I (P01343); ImmunoglobulinG; Immunoglobulin Light Chains (Kappa and Lambda); Interferon gamma(P01308); Lysozyme (P61626); Interleukin-1alpha (P01583); Interleukin-2(P60568); Interleukin-4 (P60568); Interleukin-9 (P15248);Interleukin-12p40 (P29460); Interleukin-13 (P35225); Interleukin-16(Q14005); L1 cell adhesion molecule (P32004); Lactate dehydrogenase(P00338); Leucine Aminopeptidase (P28838); Meprin A-alpha subunit(Q16819); Meprin A-beta subunit (Q16820); Midkine (P21741); MIP2-alpha(CXCL2, P19875); MMP-2 (P08253); MMP-9 (P14780); Netrin-1 (O95631);Neutral endopeptidase (P08473); Osteopontin (P10451); Renal papillaryantigen 1 (RPA1); Renal papillary antigen 2 (RPA2); Retinol bindingprotein (P09455); Ribonuclease; 5100 calcium-binding protein A6(P06703); Serum Amyloid P Component (P02743); Sodium/Hydrogen exchangerisoform (NHE3, P48764); Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase(P21673); TGF-Betal (P01137); Transferrin (P02787); Trefoil factor 3(TFF3, Q07654); Toll-Like protein 4 (O00206); Total protein;Tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen (Q9UJW2); Uromodulin (Tamm-Horsfallprotein, P07911).

For purposes of risk stratification, Adiponectin (Q15848); Alkalinephosphatase (P05186); Aminopeptidase N (P15144); CalbindinD28k (P05937);Cystatin C (P01034); 8 subunit of FIFO ATPase (P03928);Gamma-glutamyltransferase (P19440); GSTa(alpha-glutathione-S-transferase, P08263); GSTpi(Glutathione-S-transferase P; GST class-pi; P09211); IGFBP-1 (P08833);IGFBP-2 (P18065); IGFBP-6 (P24592); Integral membrane protein 1 (Itml,P46977); Interleukin-6 (P05231); Interleukin-8 (P10145); Interleukin-18(Q14116); IP-10 (10 kDa interferon-gamma-induced protein, P02778); IRPR(IFRD1, O00458); Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IVD, P26440);I-TAC/CXCL11 (O14625); Keratin 19 (P08727); Kim-1 (Hepatitis A viruscellular receptor 1, O43656); L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase(P50440); Leptin (P41159); Lipocalin2 (NGAL, P80188); MCP-1 (P13500);MIG (Gamma-interferon-induced monokine Q07325); MIP-1a (P10147); MIP-3a(P78556); MIP-1beta (P13236); MIP-1d (Q16663); NAG(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, P54802); Organic ion transporter(OCT2, O15244); Osteoprotegerin (O14788); P8 protein (O60356);Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1, P05121); ProANP(1-98)(P01160); Protein phosphatase 1-beta (PPI-beta, P62140); Rab GDI-beta(P50395); Renal kallikrein (Q86U61); RT1.B-1 (alpha) chain of theintegral membrane protein (Q5Y7A8); Soluble tumor necrosis factorreceptor superfamily member 1A (sTNFR-I, P19438); Soluble tumor necrosisfactor receptor superfamily member 1B (sTNFR-II, P20333); Tissueinhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP-3, P35625); uPAR (Q03405) may becombined with the kidney injury marker assay result(s) of the presentinvention.

Other clinical indicia which may be combined with the kidney injurymarker assay result(s) of the present invention includes demographicinformation (e.g., weight, sex, age, race), medical history (e.g.,family history, type of surgery, pre-existing disease such as aneurism,congestive heart failure, preeclampsia, eclampsia, diabetes mellitus,hypertension, coronary artery disease, proteinuria, renal insufficiency,or sepsis, type of toxin exposure such as NSAIDs, cyclosporines,tacrolimus, aminoglycosides, foscarnet, ethylene glycol, hemoglobin,myoglobin, ifosfamide, heavy metals, methotrexate, radiopaque contrastagents, or streptozotocin), clinical variables (e.g., blood pressure,temperature, respiration rate), risk scores (APACHE score, PREDICTscore, TIMI Risk Score for UA/NSTEMI, Framingham Risk Score), a urinetotal protein measurement, a glomerular filtration rate, an estimatedglomerular filtration rate, a urine production rate, a serum or plasmacreatinine concentration, a renal papillary antigen 1 (RPA1)measurement; a renal papillary antigen 2 (RPA2) measurement; a urinecreatinine concentration, a fractional excretion of sodium, a urinesodium concentration, a urine creatinine to serum or plasma creatinineratio, a urine specific gravity, a urine osmolality, a urine ureanitrogen to plasma urea nitrogen ratio, a plasma BUN to creatnine ratio,and/or a renal failure index calculated as urine sodium/(urinecreatinine/plasma creatinine). Other measures of renal function whichmay be combined with the kidney injury marker assay result(s) aredescribed hereinafter and in Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine,17^(th) Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, pages 1741-1830, and Current MedicalDiagnosis & Treatment 2008, 47^(th) Ed, McGraw Hill, New York, pages785-815, each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentirety.

Combining assay results/clinical indicia in this manner can comprise theuse of multivariate logistical regression, loglinear modeling, neuralnetwork analysis, n-of-m analysis, decision tree analysis, etc. Thislist is not meant to be limiting.

Diagnosis of Acute Renal Failure

As noted above, the terms “acute renal (or kidney) injury” and “acuterenal (or kidney) failure” as used herein are defined in part in termsof changes in serum creatinine from a baseline value. Most definitionsof ARF have common elements, including the use of serum creatinine and,often, urine output. Patients may present with renal dysfunction withoutan available baseline measure of renal function for use in thiscomparison. In such an event, one may estimate a baseline serumcreatinine value by assuming the patient initially had a normal GFR.Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of fluid filtered fromthe renal (kidney) glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule perunit time. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be calculated bymeasuring any chemical that has a steady level in the blood, and isfreely filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidneys. GFRis typically expressed in units of ml/min:

${G\; F\; R} = \frac{{Urine}\mspace{14mu} {Concentration} \times {Urine}\mspace{14mu} {Flow}}{{Plasma}\mspace{14mu} {Concentration}}$

By normalizing the GFR to the body surface area, a GFR of approximately75-100 ml/min per 1.73 m² can be assumed. The rate therefore measured isthe quantity of the substance in the urine that originated from acalculable volume of blood.

There are several different techniques used to calculate or estimate theglomerular filtration rate (GFR or eGFR). In clinical practice, however,creatinine clearance is used to measure GFR. Creatinine is producednaturally by the body (creatinine is a metabolite of creatine, which isfound in muscle). It is freely filtered by the glomerulus, but alsoactively secreted by the renal tubules in very small amounts such thatcreatinine clearance overestimates actual GFR by 10-20%. This margin oferror is acceptable considering the ease with which creatinine clearanceis measured.

Creatinine clearance (CCr) can be calculated if values for creatinine'surine concentration (U_(Cr)), urine flow rate (V), and creatinine'splasma concentration (P_(Cr)) are known. Since the product of urineconcentration and urine flow rate yields creatinine's excretion rate,creatinine clearance is also said to be its excretion rate (U_(Cr)×V)divided by its plasma concentration. This is commonly representedmathematically as:

$C_{Cr} = \frac{U_{Cr} \times V}{P_{Cr}}$

Commonly a 24 hour urine collection is undertaken, from empty-bladderone morning to the contents of the bladder the following morning, with acomparative blood test then taken:

$C_{Cr} = \frac{U_{Cr} \times 24\text{-}{hour}\mspace{14mu} {volume}}{P_{Cr} \times 24 \times 60\mspace{14mu} {mins}}$

To allow comparison of results between people of different sizes, theCCr is often corrected for the body surface area (BSA) and expressedcompared to the average sized man as ml/min/1.73 m2. While most adultshave a BSA that approaches 1.7 (1.6-1.9), extremely obese or slimpatients should have their CCr corrected for their actual BSA:

$C_{{Cr}\text{-}{corrected}} = \frac{C_{Cr} \times 1.73}{B\; S\; A}$

The accuracy of a creatinine clearance measurement (even when collectionis complete) is limited because as glomerular filtration rate (GFR)falls creatinine secretion is increased, and thus the rise in serumcreatinine is less. Thus, creatinine excretion is much greater than thefiltered load, resulting in a potentially large overestimation of theGFR (as much as a twofold difference). However, for clinical purposes itis important to determine whether renal function is stable or gettingworse or better. This is often determined by monitoring serum creatininealone. Like creatinine clearance, the serum creatinine will not be anaccurate reflection of GFR in the non-steady-state condition of ARF.Nonetheless, the degree to which serum creatinine changes from baselinewill reflect the change in GFR. Serum creatinine is readily and easilymeasured and it is specific for renal function.

For purposes of determining urine output on a mL/kg/hr basis, hourlyurine collection and measurement is adequate. In the case where, forexample, only a cumulative 24-h output was available and no patientweights are provided, minor modifications of the RIFLE urine outputcriteria have been described. For example, Bagshaw et al., Nephrol.Dial. Transplant. 23: 1203-1210, 2008, assumes an average patient weightof 70 kg, and patients are assigned a RIFLE classification based on thefollowing: <35 mL/h (Risk), <21 mL/h (Injury) or <4 mL/h (Failure).

Selecting a Treatment Regimen

Once a diagnosis is obtained, the clinician can readily select atreatment regimen that is compatible with the diagnosis, such asinitiating renal replacement therapy, withdrawing delivery of compoundsthat are known to be damaging to the kidney, kidney transplantation,delaying or avoiding procedures that are known to be damaging to thekidney, modifying diuretic administration, initiating goal directedtherapy, etc. The skilled artisan is aware of appropriate treatments fornumerous diseases discussed in relation to the methods of diagnosisdescribed herein. See, e.g., Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 17thEd. Merck Research Laboratories, Whitehouse Station, N.J., 1999. Inaddition, since the methods and compositions described herein provideprognostic information, the markers of the present invention may be usedto monitor a course of treatment. For example, improved or worsenedprognostic state may indicate that a particular treatment is or is notefficacious.

One skilled in the art readily appreciates that the present invention iswell adapted to carry out the objects and obtain the ends and advantagesmentioned, as well as those inherent therein. The examples providedherein are representative of preferred embodiments, are exemplary, andare not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention.

Example 1 Contrast-Induced Nephropathy Sample Collection

The objective of this sample collection study is to collect samples ofplasma and urine and clinical data from patients before and afterreceiving intravascular contrast media. Approximately 250 adultsundergoing radiographic/angiographic procedures involving intravascularadministration of iodinated contrast media are enrolled. To be enrolledin the study, each patient must meet all of the following inclusioncriteria and none of the following exclusion criteria:

Inclusion Criteria

males and females 18 years of age or older;undergoing a radiographic/angiographic procedure (such as a CT scan orcoronary intervention) involving the intravascular administration ofcontrast media;expected to be hospitalized for at least 48 hours after contrastadministration.able and willing to provide written informed consent for studyparticipation and to comply with all study procedures.

Exclusion Criteria

renal transplant recipients;acutely worsening renal function prior to the contrast procedure;already receiving dialysis (either acute or chronic) or in imminent needof dialysis at enrollment;expected to undergo a major surgical procedure (such as involvingcardiopulmonary bypass) or an additional imaging procedure with contrastmedia with significant risk for further renal insult within the 48 hrsfollowing contrast administration;participation in an interventional clinical study with an experimentaltherapy within the previous 30 days;known infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or a hepatitisvirus.

Immediately prior to the first contrast administration (and after anypre-procedure hydration), an EDTA anti-coagulated blood sample (10 mL)and a urine sample (10 mL) are collected from each patient. Blood andurine samples are then collected at 4 (±0.5), 8 (±1), 24 (±2) 48 (±2),and 72 (±2) hrs following the last administration of contrast mediaduring the index contrast procedure. Blood is collected via directvenipuncture or via other available venous access, such as an existingfemoral sheath, central venous line, peripheral intravenous line orhep-lock. These study blood samples are processed to plasma at theclinical site, frozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc., San Diego,Calif. The study urine samples are frozen and shipped to Astute Medical,Inc.

Serum creatinine is assessed at the site immediately prior to the firstcontrast administration (after any pre-procedure hydration) and at 4(±0.5), 8 (±1), 24 (±2) and 48 (±2)), and 72 (±2) hours following thelast administration of contrast (ideally at the same time as the studysamples are obtained). In addition, each patient's status is evaluatedthrough day 30 with regard to additional serum and urine creatininemeasurements, a need for dialysis, hospitalization status, and adverseclinical outcomes (including mortality).

Prior to contrast administration, each patient is assigned a risk basedon the following assessment: systolic blood pressure <80 mm Hg=5 points;intra-arterial balloon pump=5 points; congestive heart failure (ClassIII-IV or history of pulmonary edema)=5 points; age >75 yrs=4 points;hematocrit level <39% for men, <35% for women=3 points; diabetes=3points; contrast media volume=1 point for each 100 mL; serum creatininelevel >1.5 g/dL=4 points OR estimated GFR 40-60 mL/min/1.73 m²=2 points,20-40 mL/min/1.73 m²=4 points, <20 mL/min/1.73 m²=6 points. The risksassigned are as follows: risk for CIN and dialysis: 5 or less totalpoints=risk of CIN—7.5%, risk of dialysis—0.04%; 6-10 total points=riskof CIN—14%, risk of dialysis—0.12%; 11-16 total points=risk ofCIN—26.1%, risk of dialysis—1.09%; >16 total points=risk of CIN—57.3%,risk of dialysis—12.8%.

Example 2 Cardiac Surgery Sample Collection

The objective of this sample collection study is to collect samples ofplasma and urine and clinical data from patients before and afterundergoing cardiovascular surgery, a procedure known to be potentiallydamaging to kidney function. Approximately 900 adults undergoing suchsurgery are enrolled. To be enrolled in the study, each patient mustmeet all of the following inclusion criteria and none of the followingexclusion criteria:

Inclusion Criteria

males and females 18 years of age or older;undergoing cardiovascular surgery;Toronto/Ottawa Predictive Risk Index for Renal Replacement risk score ofat least 2 (Wijeysundera et al., JAMA 297: 1801-9, 2007); andable and willing to provide written informed consent for studyparticipation and to comply with all study procedures.

Exclusion Criteria

known pregnancy;previous renal transplantation;acutely worsening renal function prior to enrollment (e.g., any categoryof RIFLE criteria);already receiving dialysis (either acute or chronic) or in imminent needof dialysis at enrollment;currently enrolled in another clinical study or expected to be enrolledin another clinical study within 7 days of cardiac surgery that involvesdrug infusion or a therapeutic intervention for AKI;known infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or a hepatitisvirus.

Within 3 hours prior to the first incision (and after any pre-procedurehydration), an EDTA anti-coagulated blood sample (10 mL), whole blood (3mL), and a urine sample (35 mL) are collected from each patient. Bloodand urine samples are then collected at 3 (±0.5), 6 (±0.5), 12 (±1), 24(±2) and 48 (±2) hrs following the procedure and then daily on days 3through 7 if the subject remains in the hospital. Blood is collected viadirect venipuncture or via other available venous access, such as anexisting femoral sheath, central venous line, peripheral intravenousline or hep-lock. These study blood samples are frozen and shipped toAstute Medical, Inc., San Diego, Calif. The study urine samples arefrozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc.

Example 3 Acutely Ill Subject Sample Collection

The objective of this study is to collect samples from acutely illpatients. Approximately 1900 adults expected to be in the ICU for atleast 48 hours will be enrolled. To be enrolled in the study, eachpatient must meet all of the following inclusion criteria and none ofthe following exclusion criteria:

Inclusion Criteria

males and females 18 years of age or older;Study population 1: approximately 300 patients that have at least oneof:shock (SBP<90 mmHg and/or need for vasopressor support to maintainMAP>60 mmHg and/or documented drop in SBP of at least 40 mmHg); andsepsis;Study population 2: approximately 300 patients that have at least oneof:IV antibiotics ordered in computerized physician order entry (CPOE)within 24 hours of enrollment;contrast media exposure within 24 hours of enrollment;increased Intra-Abdominal Pressure with acute decompensated heartfailure; andsevere trauma as the primary reason for ICU admission and likely to behospitalized in the ICU for 48 hours after enrollment;Study population 3: approximately 300 patients expected to behospitalized through acute care setting (ICU or ED) with a known riskfactor for acute renal injury (e.g. sepsis, hypotension/shock(Shock=systolic BP<90 mmHg and/or the need for vasopressor support tomaintain a MAP>60 mmHg and/or a documented drop in SBP>40 mmHg), majortrauma, hemorrhage, or major surgery); and/or expected to behospitalized to the ICU for at least 24 hours after enrollment;Study population 4: approximately 1000 patients that are 21 years of ageor older, within 24 hours of being admitted into the ICU, expected tohave an indwelling urinary catheter for at least 48 hours afterenrollment, and have at least one of the following acute conditionswithin 24 hours prior to enrollment:(i) respiratory SOFA score of >2 (PaO2/FiO2<300), (ii) cardiovascularSOFA score of >1 (MAP<70 mm Hg and/or any vasopressor required).

Exclusion Criteria

known pregnancy;institutionalized individuals;previous renal transplantation;known acutely worsening renal function prior to enrollment (e.g., anycategory of RIFLE criteria);received dialysis (either acute or chronic) within 5 days prior toenrollment or in imminent need of dialysis at the time of enrollment;known infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or a hepatitisvirus;meets any of the following:(i) active bleeding with an anticipated need for >4 units PRBC in a day;(ii) hemoglobin<7 g/dL;(iii) any other condition that in the physician's opinion wouldcontraindicate drawing serial blood samples for clinical study purposes;meets only the SBP<90 mmHg inclusion criterion set forth above, and doesnot have shock in the attending physician's or principal investigator'sopinion;

After obtaining informed consent, an EDTA anti-coagulated blood sample(10 mL), a serum blood sample (0-3 mL) and a urine sample (25-50 mL) arecollected from each patient. Blood and urine samples are then collectedat 4 (±0.5) and 8 (±1) hours after contrast administration (ifapplicable); at 12 (±1), 24 (±2), 36 (±2), 48 (±2), 60 (±2), 72 (±2),and 84 (±2) hours after enrollment, and thereafter daily up to day 7 orday 14 while the subject is hospitalized. Blood is collected via directvenipuncture or via other available venous access, such as an existingfemoral sheath, central venous line, peripheral intravenous line orhep-lock. These study blood samples are processed to plasma and serum atthe clinical site, frozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc., SanDiego, Calif. The study urine samples are frozen and shipped to AstuteMedical, Inc.

Example 4 Immunoassay Format

Analytes are measured using standard sandwich enzyme immunoassaytechniques. A first antibody which binds the analyte was immobilized ona nitrocellulose test strip. A fluorescently-conjugated second antibodywhich binds the analyte was added to the test sample, and the mixtureallowed to traverse the nitrocellulose strip in a lateral flow fashion,thereby forming sandwich complexes with the analyte (if present) and thefirst antibody. Fluorescence in proportion to the amount of analytepresent in the sample was detected using a fluorometer.=An analyteconcentration was assigned to the test sample by comparison to astandard curve determined from the analyte standards.

Units for the concentrations reported in the following data tables areas follows: Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7-ng/mL,Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2-ng/mL.

In the case of those kidney injury markers which are membrane proteinsas described herein, the assays used in these examples detect solubleforms thereof.

Example 5 Apparently Healthy Donor and Chronic Disease Patient Samples

Human urine samples from donors with no known chronic or acute disease(“Apparently Healthy Donors”) were purchased from two vendors (GoldenWest Biologicals, Inc., 27625 Commerce Center Dr., Temecula, Calif.92590 and Virginia Medical Research, Inc., 915 First Colonial Rd.,Virginia Beach, Va. 23454). The urine samples were shipped and storedfrozen at less than −20° C. The vendors supplied demographic informationfor the individual donors including gender, race (Black/White), smokingstatus and age.

Human urine samples from donors with various chronic diseases (“ChronicDisease Patients”) including congestive heart failure, coronary arterydisease, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,diabetes mellitus and hypertension were purchased from Virginia MedicalResearch, Inc., 915 First Colonial Rd., Virginia Beach, Va. 23454. Theurine samples were shipped and stored frozen at less than −20 degreescentigrade. The vendor provided a case report form for each individualdonor with age, gender, race (Black/White), smoking status and alcoholuse, height, weight, chronic disease(s) diagnosis, current medicationsand previous surgeries.

Example 6 Use of Kidney Injury Markers for Evaluating Renal Status inPatients

Patients from the intensive care unit (ICU) were enrolled in thefollowing study. Each patient was classified by kidney status asnon-injury (0), risk of injury (R), injury (I), and failure (F)according to the maximum stage reached within 7 days of enrollment asdetermined by the RIFLE criteria. EDTA anti-coagulated blood samples (10mL), serum blood samples (3 mL), and urine samples (25-30 mL) werecollected from each patient at enrollment, 4 (±0.5) and 8 (±1) hoursafter contrast administration (if applicable); at 12 (±1), 24 (±2), 36(±2), 48 (±2), 60 (±2), 72 (±2), and 84 (±2) hours after enrollmenthours after enrollment, and thereafter daily up to day 7 to day 14 whilethe subject is hospitalized. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein7 and Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 were each measured by theNephroCheck Test (Astute Medical, Inc., San Diego, Calif.) in the urinesamples. Serum samples were shipped to an independent laboratory forcreatinine analysis using methods based on the Jaffe reaction. Serumcreatinine is reported in units of mg/dL in the tables below. Urine flowand patient weight were recorded at the clinical sites. Weight adjustedurine output is reported in units of mL/kg/h for the time of samplecollection.

Two cohorts were defined to represent a “diseased” and a “normal”population. While these terms are used for convenience, “diseased” and“normal” simply represent two cohorts for comparison (say RIFLE 0 vsRIFLE R, I and F; RIFLE 0 vs RIFLE R; RIFLE 0 and R vs RIFLE I and F;etc.). The time “prior max stage” represents the time at which a sampleis collected, relative to the time a particular patient reaches thelowest disease stage as defined for that cohort, binned into threegroups which are +/−12 hours. For example, “24 hr prior” which uses 0 vsR, I, F as the two cohorts would mean 24 hr (+/−12 hours) prior toreaching stage R (or I if no sample at R, or F if no sample at R or I).

A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated for eachbiomarker measured and the area under each ROC curve (AUC) is determinedPatients in Cohort 2 were also separated according to the reason foradjudication to cohort 2 as being based on serum creatinine measurements(sCr), being based on urine output (UO), or being based on either serumcreatinine measurements or urine output. Using the same examplediscussed above (0 vs R, I, F), for those patients adjudicated to stageR, I, or F on the basis of serum creatinine measurements alone, thestage 0 cohort may include patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F onthe basis of urine output; for those patients adjudicated to stage R, I,or F on the basis of urine output alone, the stage 0 cohort may includepatients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of serumcreatinine measurements; and for those patients adjudicated to stage R,I, or F on the basis of serum creatinine measurements or urine output,the stage 0 cohort contains only patients in stage 0 for both serumcreatinine measurements and urine output. Also, in the data for patientsadjudicated on the basis of serum creatinine measurements or urineoutput, the adjudication method which yielded the most severe RIFLEstage is used.

The ability to distinguish cohort 1 from Cohort 2 was determined usingROC analysis. SE is the standard error of the AUC, n is the number ofsample or individual patients (“pts,” as indicated). Standard errors arecalculated as described in Hanley, J. A., and McNeil, B. J., The meaningand use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC)curve. Radiology (1982) 143: 29-36; p values are calculated with atwo-tailed Z-test. An AUC<0.5 is indicative of a negative going markerfor the comparison, and an AUC>0.5 is indicative of a positive goingmarker for the comparison.

Various threshold (or “cutoff”) concentrations were selected, and theassociated sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing cohort 1 fromcohort 2 are determined OR is the odds ratio calculated for theparticular cutoff concentration, and 95% CI is the confidence intervalfor the odds ratio.

TABLE 1 Comparison of marker levels in samples collected from Cohort 1(patients that did not progress beyond RIFLE stage 0) and in samplescollected from subjects at 0, 24 hours, and 48 hours prior to reachingstage R, I or F in Cohort 2. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein7 and Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 were measured in urine. Insulin-likegrowth factor-binding protein 7 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior toAKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 62.9 119 62.9 76.6 62.9 79.1 Average76.7 143 76.7 94.7 76.7 84.9 Stdev 54.3 98.4 54.3 72.8 54.3 49.5p(t-test) 5.2E−84 3.0E−6 0.12 Min 10.0 20.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 20.0 Max 600600 600 564 600 234 n (Samp) 2484 415 2484 233 2484 112 n (Patient) 275415 275 233 275 112 sCr only Median 72.2 131 72.2 91.2 72.2 81.8 Average86.5 159 86.5 130 86.5 103 Stdev 60.6 114 60.6 111 60.6 64.0 p(t-test)1.8E−43  7.5E−12 0.025 Min 10.0 20.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 20.0 Max 600 545 600600 600 323 n (Samp) 4526 154 4526 99 4526 72 n (Patient) 518 154 518 99518 72 UO only Median 63.6 121 63.6 77.7 63.6 81.8 Average 77.2 148 77.299.7 77.2 90.7 Stdev 55.2 98.2 55.2 80.2 55.2 62.5 p(t-test) 1.9E−901.8E−8 0.015 Min 10.0 20.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 20.0 Max 600 600 600 564 600383 n (Samp) 2968 372 2968 223 2968 103 n (Patient) 331 372 331 223 331103 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKIstage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UOsCr only UO only AUC 0.73 0.71 0.75 0.58 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.58 0.57 SE0.015 0.024 0.015 0.020 0.030 0.021 0.029 0.036 0.030 p 0 0 0 1.3E−47.2E−5 2.0E−5 0.025 0.017 0.024 nCohort 1 2484 4526 2968 2484 4526 29682484 4526 2968 nCohort 2 415 154 372 233 99 223 112 72 103 Cutoff 1 80.888.7 85.3 53.4 60.7 53.4 51.8 61.9 47.7 Sens 1 70% 70% 70% 70% 71% 70%71% 71% 71% Spec 1 64% 62% 67% 40% 41% 40% 39% 42% 34% Cutoff 2 63.256.8 71.4 42.7 53.2 42.4 37.8 50.2 31.9 Sens 2 80% 81% 80% 80% 81% 80%80% 81% 81% Spec 2 50% 37% 56% 29% 34% 28% 24% 31% 17% Cutoff 3 38.635.6 45.6 30.7 36.8 30.8 28.3 33.0 26.4 Sens 3 90% 90% 90% 90% 91% 90%90% 90% 90% Spec 3 24% 18% 32% 17% 19% 17% 15% 16% 12% Cutoff 4 90.2 10289.9 90.2 102 89.9 90.2 102 89.9 Sens 4 66% 65% 68% 37% 44% 40% 38% 40%44% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 109 124 109 109124 109 109 124 109 Sens 5 54% 53% 56% 30% 38% 32% 26% 31% 32% Spec 580% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 145 166 146 145 166 146 145166 146 Sens 6 38% 35% 39% 17% 23% 17% 14% 17% 17% Spec 6 90% 90% 90%90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.9 1.1 0.71 1.6 0.44p Value 0.75 1.0 0.62 0.20 0.073 0.58 0.28 0.26 0.018 95% CI of 0.700.53 0.70 0.86 0.94 0.73 0.38 0.72 0.22 OR Quart2 1.6 1.9 1.8 2.0 3.71.8 1.3 3.3 0.87 OR Quart 3 2.4 1.5 3.0 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.7 0.96 p Value2.4E−6 0.19 1.7E−7 0.063 0.13 0.049 0.28 0.15 0.89 95% CI of 1.7 0.822.0 0.98 0.86 1.0 0.79 0.82 0.56 OR Quart3 3.5 2.7 4.6 2.2 3.4 2.3 2.33.7 1.7 OR Quart 4 7.0 4.9 8.6 2.1 3.1 2.2 1.5 2.3 1.4 p Value 0 5.1E−100 2.7E−4 3.7E−4 7.1E−5 0.15 0.022 0.17 95% CI of 4.9 3.0 5.9 1.4 1.7 1.50.87 1.1 0.86 OR Quart4 9.8 8.1 13 3.1 5.9 3.3 2.5 4.7 2.4Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKIstage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 3.09 5.19 3.09 3.34 3.09 3.91 Average3.72 7.09 3.72 4.34 3.72 5.28 Stdev 2.77 10.4 2.77 3.73 2.77 12.0p(t-test) 1.7E−40 0.0015 1.1E−5  Min 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 Max56.2 182 56.2 34.4 56.2 128 n (Samp) 2484 415 2484 233 2484 112 n(Patient) 275 415 275 233 275 112 sCr only Median 3.48 5.50 3.48 4.123.48 4.04 Average 4.23 8.18 4.23 5.79 4.23 5.54 Stdev 3.32 16.0 3.325.37 3.32 5.50 p(t-test) 4.8E−28 5.8E−6 0.0011 Min 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.201.20 1.20 Max 56.2 182 56.2 23.9 56.2 34.4 n (Samp) 4526 154 4526 994526 72 n (Patient) 518 154 518 99 518 72 UO only Median 3.06 5.52 3.063.58 3.06 3.83 Average 3.74 7.26 3.74 4.84 3.74 6.92 Stdev 2.92 9.842.92 5.83 2.92 19.0 p(t-test) 6.4E−49 7.8E−7 2.1E−12 Min 1.20 1.20 1.201.20 1.20 1.20 Max 56.2 171 56.2 71.7 56.2 150 n (Samp) 2968 372 2968223 2968 103 n (Patient) 331 372 331 223 331 103 0 hr prior to AKI stage24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UOonly sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.71 0.660.74 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.57 SE 0.015 0.024 0.015 0.020 0.0300.021 0.029 0.035 0.030 p 0 3.5E−11 0 0.014 0.031 1.9E−4 0.014 0.0650.015 nCohort 1 2484 4526 2968 2484 4526 2968 2484 4526 2968 nCohort 2415 154 372 233 99 223 112 72 103 Cutoff 1 3.73 3.63 3.94 2.44 2.63 2.602.55 2.86 2.52 Sens 1 70% 70% 70% 70% 71% 70% 71% 71% 71% Spec 1 61% 52%65% 38% 35% 42% 40% 39% 40% Cutoff 2 3.03 2.65 3.35 2.00 2.04 2.17 1.982.13 1.79 Sens 2 80% 81% 80% 80% 81% 80% 80% 81% 81% Spec 2 49% 35% 55%28% 24% 32% 27% 25% 23% Cutoff 3 2.02 1.76 2.28 1.32 1.33 1.51 1.49 1.341.45 Sens 3 90% 90% 90% 90% 91% 90% 90% 90% 90% Spec 3 29% 19% 35% 13%11% 17% 17% 11% 16% Cutoff 4 4.36 4.83 4.33 4.36 4.83 4.33 4.36 4.834.33 Sens 4 60% 55% 63% 33% 42% 37% 42% 39% 41% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70%70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 5.28 5.96 5.23 5.28 5.96 5.23 5.28 5.965.23 Sens 5 49% 45% 53% 26% 28% 29% 23% 33% 26% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80%80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 6.79 7.76 6.81 6.79 7.76 6.81 6.79 7.766.81 Sens 6 35% 28% 38% 14% 19% 16% 13% 18% 17% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90%90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.6 0.82 1.8 0.95 1.3 0.85 pValue 0.097 0.45 0.041 0.020 0.53 0.011 0.88 0.48 0.62 95% CI of 0.940.69 1.0 1.1 0.45 1.1 0.52 0.64 0.45 OR Quart2 2.2 2.3 2.7 2.4 1.5 2.71.8 2.6 1.6 OR Quart 3 2.9 1.5 3.8 1.5 0.96 1.7 1.4 1.1 1.2 p Value3.4E−8 0.16 3.9E−9 0.063 0.88 0.014 0.26 0.85 0.55 95% CI of 2.0 0.852.4 0.98 0.53 1.1 0.79 0.52 0.66 OR Quart3 4.2 2.7 5.8 2.2 1.7 2.7 2.42.2 2.2 OR Quart 4 6.8 4.2 9.9 1.8 1.5 2.3 1.8 1.8 1.9 p Value 0 1.9E−8 0 0.0060 0.11 1.0E−4 0.028 0.080 0.020 95% CI of 4.8 2.5 6.6 1.2 0.901.5 1.1 0.93 1.1 OR Quart4 9.7 6.8 15 2.6 2.6 3.5 3.1 3.5 3.3 WeightAdjusted Urine Output 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 1.08 0.402 1.08 0.710 1.08 0.927 Average 1.560.712 1.56 1.06 1.56 1.33 Stdev 1.60 1.14 1.60 1.21 1.60 1.42 p(t-test) 6.9E−24  8.2E−6 0.15 Min 1.00E−5 1.00E−5 1.00E−5 1.00E−5 1.00E−51.00E−5 Max 21.5 10.6 21.5 11.1 21.5 7.59 n (Samp) 2076 408 2076 2242076 107 n (Patient) 273 408 273 224 273 107 sCr only Median 0.833 0.5590.833 0.659 0.833 0.715 Average 1.27 0.969 1.27 1.01 1.27 0.994 Stdev1.43 1.27 1.43 1.48 1.43 1.06 p(t-test) 0.012 0.083 0.13 Min 1.00E−51.00E−5 1.00E−5 1.00E−5 1.00E−5 1.00E−5 Max 21.5 8.93 21.5 11.1 21.55.87 n (Samp) 3878 145 3878 94 3878 61 n (Patient) 515 145 515 94 515 61UO only Median 1.07 0.359 1.07 0.674 1.07 0.933 Average 1.57 0.568 1.570.982 1.57 1.43 Stdev 1.65 0.945 1.65 0.942 1.65 1.64 p(t-test)  2.2E−29 3.0E−7 0.40 Min 1.00E−5 1.00E−5 1.00E−5 1.00E−5 1.00E−5 1.00E−5 Max21.5 10.6 21.5 6.61 21.5 9.82 n (Samp) 2518 371 2518 216 2518 100 n(Patient) 331 371 331 216 331 100 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior toAKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UOsCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.19 0.38 0.14 0.35 0.410.33 0.42 0.43 0.44 SE 0.013 0.025 0.013 0.021 0.031 0.021 0.029 0.0380.030 p 0 1.7E−6 0 1.5E−13 0.0048 2.2E−16 0.0094 0.071 0.035 nCohort 12076 3878 2518 2076 3878 2518 2076 3878 2518 nCohort 2 408 145 371 22494 216 107 61 100 Cutoff 1 0.291 0.392 0.266 0.503 0.472 0.498 0.6230.487 0.632 Sens 1 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 71% 70% 70% 70% Spec 1  3% 16% 3% 13% 23% 12% 21% 24% 22% Cutoff 2 0.236 0.309 0.214 0.406 0.327 0.4060.497 0.368 0.510 Sens 2 80% 80% 80% 80% 81% 80% 80% 80% 80% Spec 2  3%10%  2%  8% 11%  8% 12% 14% 13% Cutoff 3 0.147 0.209 0.125 0.256 0.2400.256 0.342 0.211 0.342 Sens 3 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 91% 90% 90% Spec3  1%  5%  1%  3%  6%  3%  5%  5%  5% Cutoff 4 1.65 1.32 1.64 1.65 1.321.64 1.65 1.32 1.64 Sens 4  8% 17%  5% 17% 19% 15% 18% 25% 20% Spec 470% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 2.12 1.78 2.13 2.12 1.782.13 2.12 1.78 2.13 Sens 5  7% 12%  5% 12% 10% 11% 12%  8% 13% Spec 580% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 3.07 2.63 3.07 3.07 2.633.07 3.07 2.63 3.07 Sens 6  4%  7%  2%  5%  3%  5%  8%  7% 10% Spec 690% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 0.90 1.1 0.83 1.0 1.5 1.02.2 1.4 2.1 p Value 0.69 0.77 0.60 1.0 0.25 0.89 0.013 0.41 0.018 95% CIof 0.53 0.61 0.42 0.61 0.76 0.62 1.2 0.62 1.1 OR Quart2 1.5 1.9 1.7 1.62.9 1.7 4.1 3.2 4.0 OR Quart 3 2.3 1.7 2.9 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.5 pValue 2.9E−4 0.054 1.9E−4 0.012 0.15 0.017 0.11 0.18 0.25 95% CI of 1.50.99 1.6 1.1 0.84 1.1 0.89 0.78 0.76 OR Quart3 3.5 2.8 4.9 2.8 3.1 2.83.3 3.8 2.9 OR Quart 4 16 2.7 26 3.5 2.2 3.9 2.4 2.0 2.2 p Value 08.8E−5 0 1.7E−9 0.010 2.2E−10 0.0048 0.071 0.013 95% CI of 11 1.6 16 2.31.2 2.6 1.3 0.94 1.2 OR Quart4 24 4.4 43 5.3 4.2 6.0 4.5 4.3 4.1Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7/(Weight Adjusted UrineOutput) 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior toAKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr orUO Median 59.4 298 59.4 106 59.4 92.9 Average 52600 397000 52600 21400052600 172000 Stdev 638000 2620000 638000 1960000 638000 1250000p(t-test)    1.7E−7 0.0078 0.077 Min 0.929 1.89 0.929 2.22 0.929 3.01Max 1.26E7 2.66E7 1.26E7 2.15E7 1.26E7 9700000 n (Samp) 2069 408 2069223 2069 107 n (Patient) 273 408 273 223 273 107 sCr only Median 87.7259 87.7 154 87.7 127 Average 79400 420000 79400 767000 79400 497000Stdev 922000 3270000 922000 4670000 922000 2730000 p(t-test)    2.5E−4   1.6E−8    9.2E−4 Min 0.929 2.58 0.929 2.22 0.929 4.41 Max 2.49E72.88E7 2.49E7 3.83E7 2.49E7 1.67E7 n (Samp) 3862 145 3862 93 3862 61 n(Patient) 515 145 515 93 515 61 UO only Median 60.7 333 60.7 116 60.790.4 Average 53800 608000 53800 122000 53800 184000 Stdev 637000 4150000637000 1360000 637000 1300000 p(t-test)    5.8E−10 0.18 0.058 Min 0.9291.89 0.929 4.75 0.929 3.01 Max 1.26E7 6.00E7 1.26E7 1.85E7 1.26E79700000 n (Samp) 2509 370 2509 215 2509 100 n (Patient) 331 370 331 215331 100 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior toAKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr orUO sCr only UO only AUC 0.82 0.69 0.85 0.64 0.62 0.65 0.59 0.59 0.57 SE0.013 0.025 0.013 0.021 0.031 0.021 0.030 0.039 0.030 p 0 6.7E−15 0 2.9E−11 1.6E−4  2.6E−13 0.0032 0.018 0.017 nCohort 1 2069 3862 25092069 3862 2509 2069 3862 2509 nCohort 2 408 145 370 223 93 215 107 61100 Cutoff 1 161 116 207 56.4 68.0 60.0 50.1 75.1 40.9 Sens 1 70% 70%70% 70% 71% 70% 70% 70% 70% Spec 1 81% 59% 86% 48% 43% 50% 44% 46% 37%Cutoff 2 104 69.8 141 37.5 44.3 39.7 24.3 51.9 24.0 Sens 2 80% 80% 80%80% 81% 80% 80% 80% 80% Spec 2 69% 44% 77% 35% 31% 36% 25% 35% 24%Cutoff 3 58.2 36.4 77.2 23.9 28.0 24.0 15.1 20.0 15.1 Sens 3 90% 90% 90%90% 90% 90% 91% 90% 90% Spec 3 49% 26% 59% 25% 21% 24% 17% 16% 16%Cutoff 4 110 168 111 110 168 111 110 168 111 Sens 4 79% 58% 85% 48% 46%51% 42% 41% 43% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 152248 154 152 248 154 152 248 154 Sens 5 71% 50% 78% 38% 30% 39% 35% 25%32% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 244 412 248 244412 248 244 412 248 Sens 6 58% 28% 65% 21% 19% 25% 16% 15% 16% Spec 690% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 1.3 1.7 1.1 1.8 1.1 1.60.86 1.8 0.86 p Value 0.34 0.13 0.73 0.023 0.86 0.059 0.63 0.20 0.63 95%CI of 0.76 0.85 0.57 1.1 0.52 0.98 0.46 0.73 0.46 OR Quart2 2.3 3.4 2.22.9 2.2 2.7 1.6 4.2 1.6 OR Quart 3 3.5 2.8 3.6 2.3 1.8 2.5 1.1 2.4 0.95p Value 1.8E−7 0.0020 8.1E−6 6.4E−4 0.065 2.0E−4 0.76 0.039 0.88 95% CIof 2.2 1.4 2.1 1.4 0.96 1.5 0.61 1.0 0.52 OR Quart3 5.7 5.2 6.4 3.7 3.44.0 2.0 5.5 1.8 OR Quart 4 20 6.1 28 3.9 2.4 4.0 2.0 2.5 1.8 p Value 02.3E−9  0 2.8E−9 0.0054 1.9E−9 0.011 0.027 0.037 95% CI of 13 3.4 17 2.51.3 2.6 1.2 1.1 1.0 OR Quart4 31 11 47 6.0 4.4 6.4 3.4 5.8 3.0Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2/(Weight Adjusted Urine Output) 0 hr priorto AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 2.93 13.42.93 4.94 2.93 4.32 Average 2710 18000 2710 9590 2710 6780 Stdev 32700121000 32700 92800 32700 50800 p(t-test) 1.0E−6 0.021 0.22 Min 0.05580.114 0.0558 0.120 0.0558 0.181 Max 579000 1340000 579000 1210000 579000449000 n (Samp) 2069 408 2069 223 2069 107 n (Patient) 273 408 273 223273 107 sCr only Median 4.13 9.42 4.13 6.64 4.13 6.00 Average 3940 296003940 36300 3940 15300 Stdev 45700 247000 45700 213000 45700 87100p(t-test) 3.2E−6 3.1E−8 0.060 Min 0.0558 0.134 0.0558 0.120 0.0558 0.228Max 1210000 2680000 1210000 1560000 1210000 601000 n (Samp) 3862 1453862 93 3862 61 n (Patient) 515 145 515 93 515 61 UO only Median 2.9715.8 2.97 5.35 2.97 4.30 Average 2710 65900 2710 7190 2710 7260 Stdev32100 897000 32100 85600 32100 52500 p(t-test) 4.5E−4 0.11 0.18 Min0.0558 0.114 0.0558 0.182 0.0558 0.181 Max 579000 1.71E7    5790001210000 579000 449000 n (Samp) 2509 370 2509 215 2509 100 n (Patient)331 370 331 215 331 100 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr onlyUO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.81 0.67 0.85 0.63 0.60 0.650.59 0.59 0.58 SE 0.013 0.025 0.013 0.021 0.031 0.021 0.030 0.039 0.030p 0 2.7E−11 0 3.3E−10 0.0021  3.3E−13 0.0015 0.016 0.0053 nCohort 1 20693862 2509 2069 3862 2509 2069 3862 2509 nCohort 2 408 145 370 223 93 215107 61 100 Cutoff 1 6.99 4.71 9.51 2.76 2.90 3.17 2.27 3.56 1.98 Sens 170% 70% 70% 70% 71% 70% 70% 70% 70% Spec 1 78% 54% 87% 48% 39% 53% 42%45% 38% Cutoff 2 4.98 3.14 6.50 1.85 1.87 2.17 1.34 2.76 1.20 Sens 2 80%80% 80% 80% 81% 80% 80% 80% 80% Spec 2 69% 41% 76% 36% 28% 41% 28% 38%25% Cutoff 3 2.13 1.54 3.54 0.972 1.16 0.977 0.795 0.726 0.795 Sens 390% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 91% 90% 90% Spec 3 40% 23% 57% 21% 18% 21% 17%11% 17% Cutoff 4 5.20 8.12 5.27 5.20 8.12 5.27 5.20 8.12 5.27 Sens 4 79%53% 85% 48% 45% 51% 43% 44% 45% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70%70% Cutoff 5 7.52 11.3 7.57 7.52 11.3 7.57 7.52 11.3 7.57 Sens 5 69% 45%76% 33% 33% 36% 33% 31% 34% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80%Cutoff 6 11.1 19.6 11.2 11.1 19.6 11.2 11.1 19.6 11.2 Sens 6 57% 25% 64%23% 15% 27% 21% 20% 23% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% ORQuart 2 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.00 1.4 1.2 1.6 0.95 p Value 0.090 0.21 0.400.23 1.00 0.25 0.63 0.30 0.87 95% CI of 0.93 0.80 0.68 0.83 0.51 0.810.62 0.67 0.51 OR Quart2 2.7 2.9 2.6 2.2 2.0 2.3 2.2 3.6 1.8 OR Quart 33.6 2.1 4.3 2.0 1.2 2.5 1.4 1.8 0.95 p Value 1.2E−7 0.016 5.5E−7 0.00200.52 9.6E−5 0.29 0.17 0.87 95% CI of 2.2 1.1 2.4 1.3 0.65 1.6 0.76 0.790.51 OR Quart3 5.7 3.8 7.7 3.1 2.4 4.0 2.5 4.1 1.8 OR Quart 4 19 4.8 293.1 2.3 3.6 2.2 2.5 1.9 p Value 0 2.5E−8  0 2.0E−7  0.0052 1.8E−8 0.00600.023 0.019 95% CI of 12 2.8 17 2.0 1.3 2.3 1.3 1.1 1.1 OR Quart4 29 8.349 4.7 4.1 5.6 3.8 5.4 3.3 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7X Serum Creatinine 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 42.6 111 42.6 65.8 42.6 57.8 Average 57.1 16557.1 90.6 57.1 73.5 Stdev 56.2 177 56.2 94.3 56.2 59.2 p(t-test)6.2E−112 1.7E−15 0.0028 Min 2.00 9.20 2.00 9.29 2.00 12.8 Max 765 1820765 845 765 337 n (Samp) 2355 411 2355 230 2355 110 n (Patient) 274 411274 230 274 110 sCr only Median 51.2 176 51.2 102 51.2 74.2 Average 71.3238 71.3 154 71.3 110 Stdev 73.0 234 73.0 172 73.0 88.1 p(t-test)7.1E−121 6.0E−26 1.7E−5 Min 2.00 9.20 2.00 11.0 2.00 14.9 Max 973 1820973 1020 973 453 n (Samp) 4314 152 4314 99 4314 68 n (Patient) 517 152517 99 517 68 UO only Median 44.5 111 44.5 68.3 44.5 58.2 Average 60.4170 60.4 100 60.4 95.0 Stdev 60.9 187 60.9 119 60.9 102 p(t-test)2.6E−109 2.0E−17 4.4E−8 Min 2.00 10.0 2.00 9.29 2.00 12.8 Max 869 1820869 991 869 589 n (Samp) 2822 370 2822 220 2822 103 n (Patient) 330 370330 220 330 103 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hrprior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO onlysCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.79 0.83 0.78 0.65 0.71 0.65 0.61 0.670.61 SE 0.014 0.021 0.015 0.020 0.030 0.021 0.029 0.036 0.030 p 0 0 01.2E−13 1.4E−12 1.3E−13 1.6E−4 2.3E−6 2.8E−4 nCohort 1 2355 4314 28222355 4314 2822 2355 4314 2822 nCohort 2 411 152 370 230 99 220 110 68103 Cutoff 1 67.0 105 68.4 42.1 65.7 44.4 37.5 53.6 35.4 Sens 1 70% 70%70% 70% 71% 70% 70% 71% 71% Spec 1 72% 82% 71% 49% 63% 50% 44% 52% 39%Cutoff 2 52.8 74.4 54.8 32.7 44.2 35.0 30.3 44.3 27.3 Sens 2 80% 80% 80%80% 81% 80% 80% 81% 81% Spec 2 61% 68% 61% 38% 43% 38% 34% 43% 28%Cutoff 3 35.0 46.3 35.5 24.5 28.2 24.5 21.2 34.6 18.1 Sens 3 90% 90% 90%90% 91% 90% 90% 91% 90% Spec 3 41% 45% 39% 26% 25% 24% 20% 32% 15%Cutoff 4 63.3 77.4 66.3 63.3 77.4 66.3 63.3 77.4 66.3 Sens 4 73% 78% 72%51% 65% 52% 45% 47% 48% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70%Cutoff 5 80.5 99.6 85.3 80.5 99.6 85.3 80.5 99.6 85.3 Sens 5 65% 74% 62%40% 51% 40% 30% 37% 35% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80%Cutoff 6 112 145 118 112 145 118 112 145 118 Sens 6 49% 58% 47% 25% 30%25% 18% 24% 22% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 21.6 1.9 1.6 2.1 1.2 1.7 1.6 3.8 1.0 p Value 0.067 0.19 0.092 0.0032 0.670.039 0.15 0.018 1.0 95% CI of 0.97 0.74 0.93 1.3 0.52 1.0 0.84 1.3 0.53OR Quart2 2.6 4.7 2.6 3.5 2.8 2.8 3.1 11 1.9 OR Quart 3 3.5 2.6 3.5 2.42.2 2.1 2.1 5.3 1.3 p Value 3.8E−8 0.033 1.7E−7 4.6E−4  0.037 0.00220.025 0.0022 0.36 95% CI of 2.2 1.1 2.2 1.5 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.8 0.72 ORQuart3 5.5 6.2 5.6 3.9 4.7 3.4 3.9 16 2.4 OR Quart 4 14 18 13 4.9 5.74.2 2.9 7.2 2.2 p Value 0 1.6E−13 0 1.6E−11 4.7E−7  3.1E−10 6.5E−42.4E−4 0.0064 95% CI of 9.5 8.4 8.5 3.1 2.9 2.7 1.6 2.5 1.2 OR Quart4 2239 20 7.7 11 6.5 5.2 20 3.8 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 X SerumCreatinine 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr priorto AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCror UO Median 2.03 4.93 2.03 2.77 2.03 2.61 Average 2.75 8.66 2.75 4.402.75 5.64 Stdev 2.93 20.8 2.93 7.30 2.93 22.4 p(t-test) 3.9E−38 1.7E−117.7E−8 Min 0.120 0.481 0.120 0.414 0.120 0.671 Max 51.2 374 51.2 79.451.2 236 n (Samp) 2355 411 2355 230 2355 110 n (Patient) 274 411 274 230274 110 sCr only Median 2.46 6.76 2.46 4.83 2.46 3.30 Average 3.53 13.33.53 6.73 3.53 6.12 Stdev 4.37 32.8 4.37 7.55 4.37 10.0 p(t-test)5.2E−56 2.1E−12 2.6E−6 Min 0.120 0.762 0.120 0.523 0.120 0.600 Max 69.5374 69.5 46.8 69.5 79.4 n (Samp) 4314 152 4314 99 4314 68 n (Patient)517 152 517 99 517 68 UO only Median 2.09 5.26 2.09 3.18 2.09 2.89Average 2.91 8.01 2.91 5.18 2.91 10.5 Stdev 3.28 9.48 3.28 10.6 3.2842.2 p(t-test) 6.0E−89 3.3E−14  1.5E−18 Min 0.120 0.481 0.120 0.4140.120 0.600 Max 51.2 69.5 51.2 118 51.2 348 n (Samp) 2822 370 2822 2202822 103 n (Patient) 330 370 330 220 330 103 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UOonly sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.78 0.800.78 0.63 0.67 0.65 0.61 0.63 0.62 SE 0.014 0.022 0.015 0.020 0.0300.021 0.029 0.037 0.030 p 0 0 0  3.1E−10 1.9E−8 9.9E−13 9.4E−5 2.7E−44.4E−5 nCohort 1 2355 4314 2822 2355 4314 2822 2355 4314 2822 nCohort 2411 152 370 230 99 220 110 68 103 Cutoff 1 3.19 4.37 3.33 1.89 2.40 2.181.87 2.23 1.87 Sens 1 70% 70% 70% 70% 71% 70% 70% 71% 71% Spec 1 73% 77%73% 46% 49% 52% 46% 45% 44% Cutoff 2 2.44 3.05 2.50 1.55 1.81 1.70 1.441.73 1.56 Sens 2 80% 80% 80% 80% 81% 80% 80% 81% 81% Spec 2 60% 60% 59%37% 35% 39% 32% 33% 35% Cutoff 3 1.67 2.24 1.68 1.08 1.05 1.22 1.10 1.381.07 Sens 3 90% 90% 90% 90% 91% 90% 90% 91% 90% Spec 3 39% 45% 38% 21%15% 24% 21% 24% 19% Cutoff 4 3.03 3.67 3.12 3.03 3.67 3.12 3.03 3.673.12 Sens 4 72% 76% 72% 47% 59% 52% 44% 46% 47% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70%70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 3.79 4.75 3.93 3.79 4.75 3.93 3.79 4.753.93 Sens 5 62% 67% 62% 37% 52% 40% 31% 38% 34% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80%80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 5.20 6.62 5.54 5.20 6.62 5.54 5.20 6.625.54 Sens 6 49% 51% 48% 21% 32% 20% 24% 26% 27% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90%90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 1.4 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.9 1.9 1.7 pValue 0.14 0.19 0.072 0.037 0.27 0.081 0.071 0.12 0.14 95% CI of 0.880.74 0.96 1.0 0.72 0.95 0.95 0.84 0.85 OR Quart2 2.3 4.7 2.7 2.6 3.1 2.63.7 4.3 3.3 OR Quart 3 3.4 3.6 3.5 2.3 1.3 2.4 2.7 1.4 2.1 p Value3.8E−8 0.0027 1.7E−7 3.7E−4 0.56 3.3E−4  0.0026 0.39 0.023 95% CI of 2.21.6 2.2 1.4 0.58 1.5 1.4 0.62 1.1 OR Quart3 5.2 8.4 5.6 3.5 2.7 3.8 5.23.4 4.0 OR Quart 4 13 17 13 3.2 4.7 4.0 3.1 3.3 2.7 p Value 0 6.7E−13 08.8E−8 1.7E−6 9.5E−10 4.6E−4 0.0020 0.0016 95% CI of 8.7 7.8 8.5 2.1 2.52.6 1.7 1.5 1.5 OR Quart4 20 36 20 5.0 8.8 6.3 5.9 7.0 5.1 Insulin-likegrowth factor-binding protein 7 X Serum Creatinine/(Weight AdjustedUrine Output) 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hrprior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2sCr or UO Median 38.2 262 38.2 93.5 38.2 66.9 Average 38600 340000 38600177000 38600 122000 Stdev 470000 2410000 470000 1840000 470000 882000p(t-test)    2.9E−7 0.0074 0.095 Min 0.318 1.35 0.318 1.84 0.318 1.69Max 1.01E7 3.25E7 1.01E7 2.56E7 1.01E7 6960000 n (Samp) 2003 404 2003221 2003 105 n (Patient) 272 404 272 221 272 105 sCr only Median 62.8320 62.8 158 62.8 109 Average 60200 859000 60200 745000 60200 516000Stdev 670000 8160000 670000 4330000 670000 3160000 p(t-test)    3.4E−8   5.2E−12    6.8E−6 Min 0.318 2.35 0.318 1.84 0.318 5.29 Max 1.52E79.50E7 1.52E7 3.10E7 1.52E7 2.34E7 n (Samp) 3742 143 3742 93 3742 59 n(Patient) 514 143 514 93 514 59 UO only Median 41.1 303 41.1 113 41.166.9 Average 43800 469000 43800 63700 43800 129000 Stdev 528000 2900000528000 657000 528000 908000 p(t-test)    7.0E−11 0.61 0.13 Min 0.3181.35 0.318 3.49 0.318 1.69 Max 1.05E7 3.25E7 1.05E7 7390000 1.05E76960000 n (Samp) 2428 368 2428 213 2428 99 n (Patient) 330 368 330 213330 99 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior toAKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr orUO sCr only UO only AUC 0.85 0.77 0.86 0.67 0.67 0.69 0.61 0.64 0.61 SE0.012 0.023 0.012 0.021 0.031 0.021 0.030 0.039 0.031 p 0 0 0 0 9.0E−8 01.2E−4 3.0E−4 5.7E−4 nCohort 1 2003 3742 2428 2003 3742 2428 2003 37422428 nCohort 2 404 143 368 221 93 213 105 59 99 Cutoff 1 139 137 17944.2 71.5 52.3 38.1 67.5 30.2 Sens 1 70% 71% 70% 70% 71% 70% 70% 71% 71%Spec 1 85% 72% 88% 54% 54% 57% 50% 52% 41% Cutoff 2 95.1 100.0 111 25.236.7 30.0 21.8 50.6 18.8 Sens 2 80% 80% 80% 80% 81% 80% 80% 81% 81% Spec2 76% 63% 78% 37% 37% 41% 33% 44% 28% Cutoff 3 48.2 42.4 68.9 15.8 21.917.8 11.8 25.6 10.7 Sens 3 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 92% 91% Spec 357% 40% 65% 26% 25% 27% 20% 28% 18% Cutoff 4 77.4 130 81.0 77.4 130 81.077.4 130 81.0 Sens 4 85% 73% 86% 53% 57% 58% 46% 47% 47% Spec 4 70% 70%70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 112 199 119 112 199 119 112 199 119Sens 5 76% 59% 79% 47% 40% 47% 36% 34% 37% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80%80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 188 364 202 188 364 202 188 364 202 Sens 6 61%47% 64% 27% 25% 28% 18% 17% 21% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%90% OR Quart 2 1.3 1.8 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.7 0.64 2.4 0.89 p Value 0.35 0.200.46 0.070 0.24 0.058 0.22 0.098 0.73 95% CI of 0.72 0.74 0.63 0.96 0.730.98 0.32 0.85 0.46 OR Quart2 2.5 4.2 2.7 2.7 3.6 3.0 1.3 6.9 1.7 ORQuart 3 4.4 4.0 4.5 2.3 2.2 2.3 1.5 4.1 1.00 p Value 4.2E−8 5.5E−4 1.5E−6 8.3E−4  0.037 0.0016 0.19 0.0052 1.00 95% CI of 2.6 1.8 2.4 1.41.0 1.4 0.82 1.5 0.52 OR Quart3 7.5 8.7 8.3 3.8 4.7 3.9 2.6 11 1.9 ORQuart 4 30 12 36 5.2 4.7 6.1 2.3 4.5 2.4 p Value 0 1.5E−11 0 2.0E−121.3E−5 1.8E−13 0.0035 0.0026 0.0017 95% CI of 18 5.9 20 3.3 2.3 3.8 1.31.7 1.4 OR Quart4 49 25 63 8.3 9.3 9.8 3.9 12 4.2 Metalloproteinaseinhibitor 2 X Serum Creatinine/(Weight Adjusted Urine Output) 0 hr priorto AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 1.91 12.11.91 4.27 1.91 3.02 Average 1990 16000 1990 6600 1990 4680 Stdev 24600119000 24600 60100 24600 33800 p(t-test) 1.8E−6 0.031 0.29 Min 0.01910.0807 0.0191 0.110 0.0191 0.0985 Max 548000 1740000 548000 707000548000 270000 n (Samp) 2003 404 2003 221 2003 105 n (Patient) 272 404272 221 272 105 sCr only Median 2.99 12.3 2.99 7.27 2.99 4.15 Average3040 71600 3040 35600 3040 17200 Stdev 34700 745000 34700 203000 34700111000 p(t-test) 4.2E−8 2.7E−11 0.0037 Min 0.0191 0.122 0.0191 0.1100.0191 0.221 Max 748000 8840000 748000 1340000 748000 842000 n (Samp)3742 143 3742 93 3742 59 n (Patient) 514 143 514 93 514 59 UO onlyMedian 2.01 14.5 2.01 4.82 2.01 3.54 Average 2180 35400 2180 3530 21804960 Stdev 26400 353000 26400 37800 26400 34800 p(t-test) 5.2E−6 0.490.31 Min 0.0191 0.0807 0.0191 0.133 0.0191 0.0985 Max 548000 6330000548000 485000 548000 270000 n (Samp) 2428 368 2428 213 2428 99 n(Patient) 330 368 330 213 330 99 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior toAKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UOsCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.84 0.75 0.86 0.66 0.650.68 0.62 0.63 0.61 SE 0.013 0.024 0.012 0.021 0.031 0.021 0.030 0.0390.031 p 0 0 0 2.2E−15 2.5E−6 0 8.3E−5 0.0010 3.1E−4 nCohort 1 2003 37422428 2003 3742 2428 2003 3742 2428 nCohort 2 404 143 368 221 93 213 10559 99 Cutoff 1 5.97 5.48 7.88 1.99 3.02 2.54 1.60 2.82 1.45 Sens 1 70%71% 70% 70% 71% 70% 70% 71% 71% Spec 1 83% 67% 87% 51% 50% 58% 44% 48%40% Cutoff 2 4.44 3.87 5.45 1.23 1.34 1.59 1.18 2.33 1.04 Sens 2 80% 80%80% 80% 81% 80% 80% 81% 81% Spec 2 75% 57% 79% 37% 29% 43% 36% 44% 32%Cutoff 3 2.01 1.98 2.94 0.627 0.847 0.698 0.540 1.01 0.540 Sens 3 90%90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 92% 91% Spec 3 52% 39% 62% 22% 21% 23% 19% 24%18% Cutoff 4 3.67 6.11 3.82 3.67 6.11 3.82 3.67 6.11 3.82 Sens 4 84% 65%87% 54% 54% 57% 45% 44% 47% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70%Cutoff 5 5.38 9.09 5.63 5.38 9.09 5.63 5.38 9.09 5.63 Sens 5 75% 55% 79%43% 42% 47% 35% 36% 37% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80%Cutoff 6 8.42 17.4 9.23 8.42 17.4 9.23 8.42 17.4 9.23 Sens 6 61% 39% 65%29% 24% 27% 23% 17% 25% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% ORQuart 2 1.4 1.8 1.5 1.4 0.75 1.4 1.1 2.2 1.1 p Value 0.29 0.16 0.29 0.170.45 0.23 0.74 0.12 0.87 95% CI of 0.76 0.79 0.72 0.86 0.35 0.81 0.580.83 0.56 OR Quart2 2.5 4.1 3.0 2.3 1.6 2.3 2.1 5.8 2.0 OR Quart 3 4.83.4 5.0 1.9 1.3 2.1 1.5 2.7 0.94 p Value 2.5E−9 0.0014 2.6E−7 0.00810.41 0.0035 0.22 0.039 0.86 95% CI of 2.9 1.6 2.7 1.2 0.68 1.3 0.79 1.10.49 OR Quart3 8.0 7.2 9.1 3.1 2.5 3.4 2.7 6.9 1.8 OR Quart 4 26 11 344.3 2.8 4.7 2.4 4.1 2.3 p Value 0 2.1E−11 0 6.1E−11 4.3E−4 1.4E−110.0027 0.0022 0.0033 95% CI of 16 5.3 19 2.8 1.6 3.0 1.4 1.7 1.3 ORQuart4 43 21 61 6.6 5.1 7.4 4.2 10 4.0 Insulin-like growthfactor-binding protein 7 X Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 0 hr prior toAKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 0.1990.617 0.199 0.254 0.199 0.295 Average 0.388 1.40 0.388 0.578 0.388 0.632Stdev 0.631 2.94 0.631 1.03 0.631 2.20 p(t-test) 1.1E−50 4.1E−5 1.0E−3 Min 0.0240 0.0240 0.0240 0.0240 0.0240 0.0240 Max 13.2 39.1 13.2 8.5913.2 23.3 n (Samp) 2484 415 2484 233 2484 112 n (Patient) 275 415 275233 275 112 sCr only Median 0.253 0.727 0.253 0.429 0.253 0.342 Average0.507 1.78 0.507 1.20 0.507 0.708 Stdev 0.852 4.21 0.852 2.14 0.8520.871 p(t-test) 2.9E−42  3.2E−14 0.048 Min 0.0240 0.0240 0.0240 0.02400.0240 0.0252 Max 16.4 39.1 16.4 11.9 16.4 4.49 n (Samp) 4526 154 452699 4526 72 n (Patient) 518 154 518 99 518 72 UO only Median 0.196 0.6720.196 0.275 0.196 0.296 Average 0.390 1.59 0.390 0.787 0.390 0.968 Stdev0.640 5.56 0.640 2.77 0.640 3.47 p(t-test) 8.8E−29 2.7E−9 1.2E−10 Min0.0240 0.0240 0.0240 0.0240 0.0240 0.0240 Max 13.2 103 13.2 39.1 13.226.8 n (Samp) 2968 372 2968 223 2968 103 n (Patient) 331 372 331 223 331103 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKIstage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UOsCr only UO only AUC 0.73 0.70 0.76 0.57 0.60 0.59 0.57 0.58 0.57 SE0.015 0.024 0.015 0.020 0.030 0.021 0.029 0.035 0.030 p 0 4.4E−16 09.7E−4 0.0012 2.9E−5 0.014 0.018 0.013 nCohort 1 2484 4526 2968 24844526 2968 2484 4526 2968 nCohort 2 415 154 372 233 99 223 112 72 103Cutoff 1 0.332 0.333 0.375 0.141 0.156 0.159 0.146 0.166 0.124 Sens 170% 70% 70% 70% 71% 70% 71% 71% 71% Spec 1 66% 58% 69% 41% 37% 44% 41%38% 37% Cutoff 2 0.191 0.159 0.238 0.0908 0.103 0.103 0.0788 0.1280.0676 Sens 2 80% 81% 80% 80% 81% 80% 80% 81% 81% Spec 2 49% 37% 56% 29%27% 32% 26% 32% 22% Cutoff 3 0.0835 0.0769 0.118 0.0497 0.0610 0.05070.0448 0.0507 0.0369 Sens 3 90% 90% 90% 90% 91% 90% 90% 90% 90% Spec 327% 21% 36% 17% 17% 17% 15% 14% 12% Cutoff 4 0.386 0.488 0.381 0.3860.488 0.381 0.386 0.488 0.381 Sens 4 66% 59% 70% 36% 47% 40% 39% 39% 45%Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 0.556 0.702 0.5540.556 0.702 0.554 0.556 0.702 0.554 Sens 5 53% 53% 57% 27% 34% 28% 27%36% 29% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 0.919 1.200.938 0.919 1.20 0.938 0.919 1.20 0.938 Sens 6 38% 35% 39% 15% 23% 17%13% 19% 16% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 1.31.5 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.3 0.95 1.3 0.69 p Value 0.18 0.22 0.071 0.095 0.630.27 0.88 0.45 0.26 95% CI of 0.88 0.80 0.96 0.94 0.62 0.83 0.52 0.630.36 OR Quart2 2.0 2.8 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.0 1.8 2.8 1.3 OR Quart 3 2.4 1.73.4 1.5 1.1 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.1 p Value 3.6E−6 0.077 5.9E−8 0.063 0.740.0081 0.17 0.27 0.77 95% CI of 1.7 0.94 2.2 0.98 0.59 1.2 0.85 0.720.61 OR Quart3 3.6 3.2 5.2 2.2 2.1 2.7 2.6 3.1 1.9 OR Quart 4 7.2 5.29.9 2.0 2.3 2.2 1.7 2.2 1.7 p Value 0 1.1E−9  0 8.8E−4 0.0044 2.0E−40.048 0.026 0.041 95% CI of 5.1 3.1 6.6 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.1 1.0 ORQuart4 10 8.8 15 2.9 4.0 3.2 3.0 4.4 2.9 Insulin-like growthfactor-binding protein 7 X Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 X SerumCreatinine 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr priorto AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCror UO Median 0.127 0.571 0.127 0.212 0.127 0.221 Average 0.291 1.780.291 0.593 0.291 0.764 Stdev 0.597 5.15 0.597 1.41 0.597 4.10 p(t-test)1.3E−40 7.6E−10 3.3E−6 Min 0.00240 0.0120 0.00240 0.0116 0.00240 0.0182Max 14.6 64.2 14.6 12.9 14.6 43.1 n (Samp) 2355 411 2355 230 2355 110 n(Patient) 274 411 274 230 274 110 sCr only Median 0.181 0.931 0.1810.404 0.181 0.233 Average 0.443 2.88 0.443 1.47 0.443 0.814 Stdev 1.057.80 1.05 3.15 1.05 1.46 p(t-test) 5.1E−61 1.3E−18 0.0041 Min 0.002400.0152 0.00240 0.0185 0.00240 0.0178 Max 31.2 64.2 31.2 20.2 31.2 10.4 n(Samp) 4314 152 4314 99 4314 68 n (Patient) 517 152 517 99 517 68 UOonly Median 0.133 0.610 0.133 0.233 0.133 0.239 Average 0.309 1.70 0.3090.935 0.309 1.60 Stdev 0.658 3.51 0.658 4.52 0.658 7.48 p(t-test)8.8E−74 7.8E−11 7.8E−17 Min 0.00240 0.0120 0.00240 0.0116 0.00240 0.0182Max 14.6 38.0 14.6 64.1 14.6 62.2 n (Samp) 2822 370 2822 220 2822 103 n(Patient) 330 370 330 220 330 103 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior toAKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UOsCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.62 0.660.63 0.60 0.63 0.60 SE 0.014 0.022 0.014 0.020 0.030 0.021 0.029 0.0370.030 p 0 0 0 1.7E−8 2.0E−7  2.5E−10 6.3E−4 3.9E−4 6.1E−4 nCohort 1 23554314 2822 2355 4314 2822 2355 4314 2822 nCohort 2 411 152 370 230 99 220110 68 103 Cutoff 1 0.285 0.392 0.319 0.113 0.193 0.125 0.108 0.1530.104 Sens 1 70% 70% 70% 70% 71% 70% 70% 71% 71% Spec 1 72% 73% 74% 46%52% 48% 45% 45% 42% Cutoff 2 0.180 0.195 0.213 0.0738 0.0885 0.08950.0686 0.115 0.0614 Sens 2 80% 80% 80% 80% 81% 80% 80% 81% 81% Spec 259% 52% 63% 34% 31% 38% 32% 38% 28% Cutoff 3 0.0763 0.123 0.0921 0.03720.0514 0.0446 0.0335 0.0686 0.0280 Sens 3 90% 90% 90% 90% 91% 90% 90%91% 90% Spec 3 35% 40% 38% 19% 21% 22% 17% 26% 13% Cutoff 4 0.257 0.3610.265 0.257 0.361 0.265 0.257 0.361 0.265 Sens 4 73% 71% 75% 45% 55% 48%42% 47% 46% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 0.3840.533 0.399 0.384 0.533 0.399 0.384 0.533 0.399 Sens 5 62% 65% 63% 33%42% 36% 33% 38% 35% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 60.648 0.930 0.689 0.648 0.930 0.689 0.648 0.930 0.689 Sens 6 47% 50% 45%21% 28% 22% 18% 26% 19% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% ORQuart 2 2.1 1.8 1.7 2.0 0.93 2.1 1.2 3.2 0.95 p Value 0.0037 0.13 0.0490.0029 0.85 0.0037 0.63 0.013 0.87 95% CI of 1.3 0.83 1.0 1.3 0.45 1.30.62 1.3 0.50 OR Quart2 3.4 3.9 2.9 3.2 1.9 3.4 2.2 8.0 1.8 OR Quart 33.8 1.8 3.8 2.1 1.5 2.3 1.8 2.4 1.2 p Value 8.8E−9 0.13 5.6E−8 0.00120.25 5.6E−4 0.046 0.081 0.64 95% CI of 2.4 0.83 2.4 1.4 0.76 1.4 1.00.90 0.63 OR Quart3 6.1 3.9 6.2 3.4 2.9 3.8 3.3 6.1 2.1 OR Quart 4 15 1215 3.3 3.3 3.9 2.2 4.9 2.1 p Value 0 2.1E−13 0 1.1E−7 6.6E−5 5.1E−90.0055 4.0E−4 0.0072 95% CI of 9.8 6.0 9.3 2.1 1.8 2.5 1.3 2.0 1.2 ORQuart4 23 22 23 5.0 5.9 6.1 4.0 12 3.6 Insulin-like growthfactor-binding protein 7 X Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2/ (WeightAdjusted Urine Output) 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 0.179 1.57 0.179 0.359 0.179 0.385 Average 2073180 207 1690 207 633 Stdev 2830 27400 2830 17300 2830 4790 p(t-test)1.7E−6 4.7E−4 0.15 Min 0.00112 0.00227 0.00112 0.00266 0.00112 0.00361Max 73000 344000 73000 224000 73000 43600 n (Samp) 2069 408 2069 2232069 107 n (Patient) 273 408 273 223 273 107 sCr only Median 0.311 1.290.311 0.686 0.311 0.625 Average 412 7810 412 9330 412 2380 Stdev 649070000 6490 64900 6490 14000 p(t-test) 3.0E−9 7.0E−13 0.022 Min 0.001120.00310 0.00112 0.00266 0.00112 0.00529 Max 247000 772000 247000 600000247000 100000 n (Samp) 3862 145 3862 93 3862 61 n (Patient) 515 145 51593 515 61 UO only Median 0.184 1.94 0.184 0.441 0.184 0.387 Average 20331300 203 1160 203 677 Stdev 2730 534000 2730 15400 2730 4960 p(t-test)0.0036 0.0075 0.10 Min 0.00112 0.00227 0.00112 0.00570 0.00112 0.00361Max 73000 1.03E7    73000 224000 73000 43600 n (Samp) 2509 370 2509 2152509 100 n (Patient) 331 370 331 215 331 100 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UOonly sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.81 0.700.84 0.62 0.60 0.64 0.59 0.60 0.58 SE 0.014 0.025 0.013 0.021 0.0310.021 0.030 0.039 0.030 p 0 1.3E−15 0 1.7E−8 9.0E−4  8.9E−11 0.00170.012 0.0066 nCohort 1 2069 3862 2509 2069 3862 2509 2069 3862 2509nCohort 2 408 145 370 223 93 215 107 61 100 Cutoff 1 0.632 0.427 0.8880.143 0.179 0.182 0.135 0.212 0.109 Sens 1 70% 70% 70% 70% 71% 70% 70%70% 70% Spec 1 77% 57% 83% 45% 39% 50% 43% 42% 38% Cutoff 2 0.354 0.2480.507 0.0822 0.0794 0.0934 0.0522 0.156 0.0432 Sens 2 80% 80% 80% 80%81% 80% 80% 80% 80% Spec 2 65% 45% 72% 33% 25% 35% 26% 36% 23% Cutoff 30.137 0.0797 0.208 0.0448 0.0512 0.0435 0.0205 0.0240 0.0217 Sens 3 90%90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 91% 90% 90% Spec 3 44% 25% 52% 24% 20% 23% 14% 12%15% Cutoff 4 0.438 0.791 0.446 0.438 0.791 0.446 0.438 0.791 0.446 Sens4 77% 60% 82% 46% 45% 49% 43% 44% 43% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70%70% 70% Cutoff 5 0.754 1.33 0.752 0.754 1.33 0.752 0.754 1.33 0.752 Sens5 68% 50% 73% 31% 30% 33% 30% 31% 31% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80%80% 80% Cutoff 6 1.39 2.74 1.42 1.39 2.74 1.42 1.39 2.74 1.42 Sens 6 54%34% 59% 20% 20% 23% 18% 16% 19% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%90% OR Quart 2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.7 0.83 1.6 0.71 1.9 0.60 p Value 0.25 0.320.28 0.028 0.60 0.084 0.31 0.15 0.14 95% CI of 0.81 0.72 0.76 1.1 0.420.94 0.36 0.80 0.31 OR Quart2 2.3 2.7 2.6 2.7 1.7 2.6 1.4 4.5 1.2 ORQuart 3 3.3 2.2 3.7 2.2 1.5 2.4 1.5 2.1 1.1 p Value 2.1E−7 0.014 1.9E−68.9E−4 0.23 1.9E−4 0.20 0.077 0.77 95% CI of 2.1 1.2 2.1 1.4 0.79 1.50.82 0.92 0.61 OR Quart3 5.2 4.0 6.3 3.4 2.7 3.9 2.6 5.0 1.9 OR Quart 416 5.5 23 3.1 1.9 3.5 2.0 2.7 1.7 p Value 0 2.8E−9  0 4.5E−7 0.0275.5E−8 0.010 0.019 0.052 95% CI of 11 3.1 14 2.0 1.1 2.2 1.2 1.2 1.00 ORQuart4 25 9.6 37 4.7 3.4 5.4 3.5 6.0 2.9 Insulin-like growthfactor-binding protein 7 X Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 X SerumCreatinine/(Weight Adjusted Urine Output) 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hrprior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 0.126 1.45 0.126 0.295 0.1260.245 Average 148 2900 148 1190 148 433 Stdev 2040 27600 2040 11900 20403150 p(t-test) 1.0E−5 5.3E−4  0.18 Min 0.000381 0.00161 0.000381 0.002210.000381 0.00257 Max 58400 435000 58400 152000 58400 26200 n (Samp) 2003404 2003 221 2003 105 n (Patient) 272 404 272 221 272 105 sCr onlyMedian 0.218 1.62 0.218 0.723 0.218 0.422 Average 292 20000 292 8510 2922780 Stdev 4050 214000 4050 54800 4050 18500 p(t-test) 2.1E−8 9.5E−174.3E−5 Min 0.000381 0.00282 0.000381 0.00221 0.000381 0.00635 Max 1510002550000 151000 486000 151000 141000 n (Samp) 3742 143 3742 93 3742 59 n(Patient) 514 143 514 93 514 59 UO only Median 0.133 1.63 0.133 0.3790.133 0.266 Average 157 13600 157 517 157 460 Stdev 2080 200000 20806290 2080 3250 p(t-test) 9.4E−4 0.060 0.17 Min 0.000381 0.00161 0.0003810.00419 0.000381 0.00257 Max 58400 3800000 58400 89500 58400 26200 n(Samp) 2428 368 2428 213 2428 99 n (Patient) 330 368 330 213 330 99 0 hrprior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCror UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UOonly AUC 0.84 0.76 0.85 0.65 0.64 0.67 0.61 0.62 0.60 SE 0.013 0.0240.013 0.021 0.031 0.021 0.030 0.039 0.031 p 0 0 0 1.2E−12 3.9E−6 3.3E−151.6E−4 0.0015 7.3E−4 nCohort 1 2003 3742 2428 2003 3742 2428 2003 37422428 nCohort 2 404 143 368 221 93 213 105 59 99 Cutoff 1 0.571 0.5150.776 0.0983 0.186 0.161 0.0975 0.203 0.0762 Sens 1 70% 71% 70% 70% 71%70% 70% 71% 71% Spec 1 83% 67% 86% 45% 47% 55% 45% 48% 39% Cutoff 20.339 0.337 0.482 0.0605 0.0725 0.0728 0.0394 0.140 0.0333 Sens 2 80%80% 80% 80% 81% 80% 80% 81% 81% Spec 2 71% 58% 78% 35% 30% 37% 29% 41%25% Cutoff 3 0.151 0.122 0.189 0.0271 0.0356 0.0323 0.0180 0.0307 0.0173Sens 3 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 92% 91% Spec 3 55% 38% 59% 23% 20%24% 18% 19% 17% Cutoff 4 0.309 0.573 0.333 0.309 0.573 0.333 0.309 0.5730.333 Sens 4 81% 69% 84% 49% 57% 53% 45% 44% 45% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70%70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 0.492 1.01 0.525 0.492 1.01 0.525 0.4921.01 0.525 Sens 5 75% 57% 79% 42% 39% 45% 32% 37% 36% Spec 5 80% 80% 80%80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 0.994 2.27 1.13 0.994 2.27 1.13 0.9942.27 1.13 Sens 6 58% 46% 61% 25% 22% 24% 22% 24% 24% Spec 6 90% 90% 90%90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.5 1.4 1.4 0.89 2.4 0.80p Value 0.77 0.53 0.73 0.086 0.35 0.19 0.73 0.081 0.51 95% CI of 0.610.57 0.57 0.94 0.68 0.84 0.46 0.90 0.42 OR Quart2 2.0 3.0 2.2 2.5 3.02.4 1.7 6.2 1.5 OR Quart 3 4.1 3.1 4.0 2.1 1.9 2.4 1.6 2.7 1.00 p Value1.3E−8 0.0023 1.3E−6 0.0018 0.066 5.3E−4  0.11 0.039 1.00 95% CI of 2.51.5 2.3 1.3 0.96 1.5 0.90 1.1 0.54 OR Quart3 6.7 6.3 7.0 3.4 3.9 3.8 2.96.9 1.8 OR Quart 4 22 9.8 28 3.9 3.5 4.4 2.1 3.9 2.0 p Value 0 1.2E−11 01.4E−9  1.5E−4 2.0E−10 0.0081 0.0031 0.014 95% CI of 14 5.1 16 2.5 1.82.8 1.2 1.6 1.1 OR Quart4 35 19 46 6.0 6.7 6.9 3.7 9.6 3.4 SerumCreatinine 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr priorto AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCror UO Median 0.670 0.950 0.670 0.840 0.670 0.800 Average 0.737 1.100.737 0.947 0.737 0.856 Stdev 0.364 0.629 0.364 0.492 0.364 0.349p(t-test) 1.3E−60 3.4E−16 5.4E−4 Min 0.100 0.200 0.100 0.260 0.100 0.270Max 3.42 5.30 3.42 4.10 3.42 1.88 n (Samp) 2530 421 2530 239 2530 118 n(Patient) 275 421 275 239 275 118 sCr only Median 0.700 1.38 0.700 1.020.700 1.00 Average 0.805 1.50 0.805 1.13 0.805 1.06 Stdev 0.439 0.7960.439 0.643 0.439 0.642 p(t-test) 4.0E−77 2.5E−13 9.5E−7 Min 0.100 0.3800.100 0.260 0.100 0.270 Max 5.50 5.30 5.50 4.21 5.50 4.14 n (Samp) 4713157 4713 104 4713 72 n (Patient) 518 157 518 104 518 72 UO only Median0.700 0.900 0.700 0.895 0.700 0.815 Average 0.774 1.10 0.774 0.990 0.7740.972 Stdev 0.403 0.688 0.403 0.536 0.403 0.540 p(t-test) 6.1E−414.8E−14 7.5E−7 Min 0.100 0.200 0.100 0.300 0.100 0.300 Max 3.42 5.303.42 4.10 3.42 3.98 n (Samp) 3041 378 3041 226 3041 108 n (Patient) 331378 331 226 331 108 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UOonly sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.71 0.82 0.67 0.65 0.70 0.64 0.620.66 0.63 SE 0.015 0.021 0.016 0.020 0.029 0.020 0.028 0.035 0.029 p 0 00 8.4E−15 1.4E−11 1.6E−12 2.9E−5 5.3E−6 8.5E−6 nCohort 1 2530 4713 30412530 4713 3041 2530 4713 3041 nCohort 2 421 157 378 239 104 226 118 72108 Cutoff 1 0.700 0.990 0.690 0.670 0.790 0.670 0.660 0.740 0.690 Sens1 70% 73% 73% 71% 70% 71% 71% 71% 72% Spec 1 58% 76% 49% 50% 59% 47% 50%55% 49% Cutoff 2 0.610 0.890 0.590 0.590 0.690 0.590 0.560 0.650 0.590Sens 2 80% 82% 83% 83% 81% 85% 81% 81% 81% Spec 2 45% 68% 36% 38% 45%36% 36% 42% 36% Cutoff 3 0.490 0.690 0.490 0.490 0.490 0.490 0.400 0.4700.460 Sens 3 93% 91% 92% 91% 93% 92% 92% 90% 92% Spec 3 24% 45% 22% 24%19% 22% 15% 17% 19% Cutoff 4 0.820 0.900 0.870 0.820 0.900 0.870 0.8200.900 0.870 Sens 4 60% 78% 53% 52% 61% 51% 45% 56% 44% Spec 4 70% 73%70% 70% 73% 70% 70% 73% 70% Cutoff 5 0.940 1.02 1.00 0.940 1.02 1.000.940 1.02 1.00 Sens 5 50% 69% 42% 38% 50% 34% 33% 42% 33% Spec 5 80%80% 81% 80% 80% 81% 80% 80% 81% Cutoff 6 1.20 1.30 1.26 1.20 1.30 1.261.20 1.30 1.26 Sens 6 32% 54% 30% 19% 25% 20% 15% 17% 19% Spec 6 91% 91%90% 91% 91% 90% 91% 91% 90% OR Quart 2 1.5 1.3 1.7 1.7 0.50 2.2 1.1 1.11.1 p Value 0.061 0.64 0.0069 0.033 0.11 0.0013 0.87 0.83 0.86 95% CI of0.98 0.49 1.2 1.0 0.21 1.4 0.55 0.47 0.52 OR Quart2 2.2 3.2 2.6 2.7 1.23.7 2.0 2.6 2.2 OR Quart 3 2.3 3.0 2.2 2.5 1.3 2.5 2.3 1.4 2.3 p Value1.0E−5 0.0067 3.0E−5 8.0E−5  0.41 2.7E−4  0.0040 0.41 0.0073 95% CI of1.6 1.4 1.5 1.6 0.68 1.5 1.3 0.62 1.3 OR Quart3 3.3 6.8 3.3 3.9 2.5 4.04.1 3.2 4.3 OR Quart 4 6.4 16 5.0 4.0 3.8 4.2 2.4 3.8 3.0 p Value 06.8E−14 0 5.4E−10 2.5E−6  7.5E−10 0.0029 2.1E−4 3.5E−4 95% CI of 4.5 7.73.6 2.6 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 1.6 OR Quart4 8.9 32 7.2 6.1 6.7 6.7 4.2 7.6 5.4Serum Creatinine/(Weight Adjusted Urine Output) 0 hr prior to AKI stage24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 0.600 2.37 0.6001.19 0.600 0.923 Average 588 2480 588 1080 588 1330 Stdev 7100 150007100 9960 7100 9710 p(t-test) 1.0E−4 0.35 0.30 Min 0.0159 0.0673 0.01590.0760 0.0159 0.0645 Max 154000 130000 154000 119000 154000 80000 n(Samp) 2010 404 2010 222 2010 105 n (Patient) 272 404 272 222 272 105sCr only Median 0.863 2.17 0.863 1.54 0.863 1.31 Average 767 3560 7673300 767 3260 Stdev 8440 29400 8440 18500 8440 19300 p(t-test) 0.00110.0060 0.029 Min 0.0159 0.102 0.0159 0.0920 0.0159 0.170 Max 180000330000 180000 119000 180000 140000 n (Samp) 3758 143 3758 94 3758 59 n(Patient) 514 143 514 94 514 59 UO only Median 0.616 2.53 0.616 1.330.616 1.03 Average 687 3150 687 563 687 1420 Stdev 8520 18600 8520 61008520 10000 p(t-test) 2.5E−5 0.83 0.41 Min 0.0159 0.0673 0.0159 0.07600.0159 0.0645 Max 230000 214000 230000 80000 230000 80000 n (Samp) 2437369 2437 214 2437 99 n (Patient) 330 369 330 214 330 99 0 hr prior toAKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UOsCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO onlyAUC 0.84 0.74 0.85 0.69 0.65 0.70 0.62 0.63 0.62 SE 0.013 0.024 0.0130.020 0.031 0.021 0.030 0.039 0.031 p 0 0 0 0 1.2E−6 0 1.1E−4 9.0E−41.1E−4 nCohort 1 2010 3758 2437 2010 3758 2437 2010 3758 2437 nCohort 2404 143 369 222 94 214 105 59 99 Cutoff 1 1.47 1.36 1.60 0.677 0.8840.786 0.589 0.839 0.600 Sens 1 70% 71% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 71% 71% Spec1 83% 68% 84% 55% 51% 60% 49% 49% 49% Cutoff 2 1.12 0.906 1.20 0.4940.569 0.537 0.408 0.643 0.403 Sens 2 80% 80% 80% 80% 81% 80% 80% 81% 81%Spec 2 75% 52% 76% 42% 35% 44% 34% 40% 32% Cutoff 3 0.705 0.559 0.8690.334 0.423 0.358 0.260 0.377 0.258 Sens 3 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%92% 91% Spec 3 57% 35% 64% 27% 26% 28% 19% 22% 18% Cutoff 4 0.975 1.461.02 0.975 1.46 1.02 0.975 1.46 1.02 Sens 4 83% 68% 86% 60% 52% 64% 47%37% 51% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 1.30 1.991.37 1.30 1.99 1.37 1.30 1.99 1.37 Sens 5 75% 54% 76% 45% 38% 47% 30%29% 32% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 1.96 3.202.07 1.96 3.20 2.07 1.96 3.20 2.07 Sens 6 59% 37% 62% 28% 22% 29% 16%20% 21% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 0.77 1.60.86 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.4 2.0 1.0 p Value 0.42 0.26 0.70 0.0075 0.087 0.0240.30 0.16 1.0 95% CI of 0.41 0.72 0.41 1.2 0.90 1.1 0.72 0.75 0.50 ORQuart2 1.5 3.3 1.8 3.6 4.5 3.3 2.9 5.4 2.0 OR Quart 3 4.0 2.7 4.9 2.42.9 2.3 2.4 3.6 1.9 p Value 1.5E−8 0.0056 4.3E−8 0.0011 0.0056 0.00280.0060 0.0064 0.052 95% CI of 2.5 1.3 2.8 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.00 ORQuart3 6.4 5.4 8.7 4.1 6.3 3.9 4.6 8.9 3.4 OR Quart 4 22 8.5 29 6.3 4.76.6 2.8 3.4 2.5 p Value 0 4.0E−11 0 6.3E−14 2.9E−5 4.0E−14 0.0011 0.00920.0030 95% CI of 14 4.5 17 3.9 2.3 4.0 1.5 1.4 1.4 OR Quart4 34 16 50 109.8 11 5.3 8.5 4.5

TABLE 2 Comparison of marker levels in samples collected from Cohort 1(patients that did not progress beyond RIFLE stage 0 or R) and insamples collected from subjects at 0, 24 hours, and 48 hours prior toreaching stage I or F in Cohort 2. Insulin-like growth factor-bindingprotein 7 and Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 were measured in urine.Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 69.6 152 69.6 101 69.684.4 Average 82.8 177 82.8 128 82.8 116 Stdev 56.8 114 56.8 102 56.895.5 p(t-test) 4.3E−95 4.9E−20 9.2E−8  Min 10.0 20.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 20.0Max 600 600 600 600 600 564 n (Samp) 4360 193 4360 146 4360 89 n(Patient) 495 193 495 146 495 89 sCr only Median 73.5 127 73.5 145 73.5122 Average 88.0 182 88.0 170 88.0 154 Stdev 61.6 135 61.6 131 61.6 115p(t-test) 4.9E−31 4.1E−22 3.9E−12 Min 10.0 22.5 10.0 20.0 10.0 24.6 Max600 600 600 600 600 564 n (Samp) 5431 61 5431 56 5431 44 n (Patient) 62161 621 56 621 44 UO only Median 70.5 153 70.5 86.3 70.5 81.2 Average85.4 176 85.4 120 85.4 98.3 Stdev 62.6 112 62.6 89.6 62.6 73.0 p(t-test)5.2E−68 1.5E−9  0.083 Min 10.0 20.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 20.0 Max 600 600 600600 600 438 n (Samp) 4633 165 4633 127 4633 72 n (Patient) 526 165 526127 526 72 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr priorto AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCror UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.79 0.73 0.78 0.65 0.71 0.64 0.60 0.69 0.56SE 0.020 0.037 0.021 0.025 0.039 0.027 0.032 0.045 0.035 p 0 9.8E−10 05.9E−10 1.2E−7 1.9E−7 0.0013 3.0E−5 0.100 nCohort 1 4360 5431 4633 43605431 4633 4360 5431 4633 nCohort 2 193 61 165 146 56 127 89 44 72 Cutoff1 102 97.7 99.6 68.3 76.1 70.3 64.0 73.5 56.8 Sens 1 70% 70% 70% 71% 71%70% 71% 70% 71% Spec 1 72% 67% 70% 49% 52% 50% 46% 50% 39% Cutoff 2 78.457.3 78.4 57.0 57.5 57.2 50.8 62.6 48.8 Sens 2 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80%81% 82% 81% Spec 2 57% 37% 57% 39% 37% 39% 33% 41% 31% Cutoff 3 56.941.4 62.4 45.4 45.4 45.2 29.7 44.4 29.7 Sens 3 90% 90% 90% 90% 91% 91%91% 91% 90% Spec 3 39% 23% 44% 28% 26% 28% 14% 25% 14% Cutoff 4 97.9 10399.6 97.9 103 99.6 97.9 103 99.6 Sens 4 72% 67% 70% 51% 62% 46% 40% 55%35% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 118 127 121 118127 121 118 127 121 Sens 5 62% 51% 62% 42% 57% 39% 31% 48% 22% Spec 580% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 158 168 162 158 168 162 158168 162 Sens 6 48% 46% 48% 22% 36% 20% 21% 34% 14% Spec 6 90% 90% 90%90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 1.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 2.2 2.9 0.87 2.5 1.0p Value 0.27 1.0 0.088 0.0012 0.14 0.0029 0.71 0.12 1.0 95% CI of 0.720.35 0.90 1.5 0.77 1.4 0.42 0.79 0.47 OR Quart2 3.1 2.9 4.5 5.8 6.4 5.71.8 8.0 2.1 OR Quart 3 3.2 1.4 3.6 2.7 1.4 2.9 1.7 1.8 1.7 p Value6.1E−4  0.47 6.9E−4  0.0034 0.57 0.0029 0.094 0.37 0.11 95% CI of 1.60.54 1.7 1.4 0.44 1.4 0.91 0.51 0.89 OR Quart3 6.1 3.8 7.6 5.3 4.4 5.73.2 6.0 3.4 OR Quart 4 12 5.4 13 5.9 6.7 5.1 2.0 5.8 1.4 p Value 8.9E−164.6E−5  3.0E−13 2.2E−8  7.5E−5 1.0E−6 0.022 0.0012 0.30 95% CI of 6.42.4 6.5 3.2 2.6 2.7 1.1 2.0 0.72 OR Quart4 21 12 25 11 17 9.8 3.7 17 2.9Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKIstage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 3.37 6.98 3.37 4.29 3.37 3.76 Average4.03 9.91 4.03 7.65 4.03 6.12 Stdev 2.96 16.8 2.96 17.1 2.96 13.5p(t-test) 2.9E−68 4.3E−24 2.1E−8 Min 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 Max56.2 182 56.2 189 56.2 128 n (Samp) 4360 193 4360 146 4360 89 n(Patient) 495 193 495 146 495 89 sCr only Median 3.52 6.77 3.52 6.293.52 5.20 Average 4.30 13.4 4.30 12.7 4.30 6.16 Stdev 3.41 28.4 3.4127.0 3.41 4.83 p(t-test) 1.7E−54 1.5E−46 3.2E−4 Min 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.201.20 1.20 Max 56.2 182 56.2 189 56.2 26.8 n (Samp) 5431 61 5431 56 543144 n (Patient) 621 61 621 56 621 44 UO only Median 3.39 7.42 3.39 4.173.39 3.47 Average 4.32 9.44 4.32 6.77 4.32 6.23 Stdev 6.58 14.1 6.5811.6 6.58 14.9 p(t-test) 2.8E−20 6.0E−5  0.018 Min 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.201.20 1.20 Max 225 171 225 117 225 128 n (Samp) 4633 165 4633 127 4633 72n (Patient) 526 165 526 127 526 72 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr priorto AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr orUO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.78 0.73 0.78 0.610.69 0.61 0.56 0.63 0.53 SE 0.020 0.037 0.021 0.025 0.040 0.027 0.0320.045 0.035 p 0 2.9E−10 0 5.1E−6 2.3E−6 4.1E−5 0.057 0.0031 0.45 nCohort1 4360 5431 4633 4360 5431 4633 4360 5431 4633 nCohort 2 193 61 165 14656 127 89 44 72 Cutoff 1 4.57 4.24 4.58 3.12 3.77 3.14 2.76 3.41 2.71Sens 1 70% 70% 70% 71% 71% 70% 71% 70% 71% Spec 1 69% 61% 68% 45% 54%46% 39% 48% 38% Cutoff 2 3.88 2.96 3.90 2.39 2.21 2.64 2.17 2.55 2.05Sens 2 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 81% 82% 81% Spec 2 59% 40% 58% 32% 26%37% 28% 33% 25% Cutoff 3 2.88 2.28 2.90 1.73 1.73 1.87 0 1.63 0 Sens 390% 90% 90% 91% 93% 91% 100%  91% 100%  Spec 3 41% 28% 41% 19% 18% 21% 0% 16%  0% Cutoff 4 4.66 4.88 4.73 4.66 4.88 4.73 4.66 4.88 4.73 Sens 468% 66% 68% 42% 59% 40% 38% 50% 31% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70%70% 70% Cutoff 5 5.69 5.98 5.80 5.69 5.98 5.80 5.69 5.98 5.80 Sens 5 63%61% 62% 32% 52% 30% 30% 43% 21% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80%80% Cutoff 6 7.33 7.82 7.63 7.33 7.82 7.63 7.33 7.82 7.63 Sens 6 48% 41%48% 21% 43% 17% 20% 20% 17% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%OR Quart 2 1.9 1.2 3.0 1.4 0.60 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.5 p Value 0.098 0.78 0.0190.21 0.32 0.071 0.15 0.44 0.24 95% CI of 0.89 0.39 1.2 0.82 0.22 0.950.84 0.53 0.76 OR Quart2 4.1 3.5 7.7 2.5 1.6 3.3 3.1 4.2 3.0 OR Quart 33.8 1.5 5.5 1.8 1.1 2.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 p Value 2.1E−4  0.44 1.5E−4  0.0360.83 0.0087 0.40 0.78 0.48 95% CI of 1.9 0.53 2.3 1.0 0.47 1.2 0.68 0.390.64 OR Quart3 7.7 4.2 13 3.1 2.6 4.0 2.6 3.5 2.6 OR Quart 4 14 6.7 202.9 2.9 3.1 2.0 3.7 1.4 p Value 1.3E−15 1.7E−5  1.3E−12 4.9E−5 0.00351.1E−4 0.027 0.0046 0.38 95% CI of 7.4 2.8 8.7 1.7 1.4 1.7 1.1 1.5 0.68OR Quart4 27 16 45 4.7 6.1 5.5 3.8 9.2 2.7 Weight Adjusted Urine Output0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKIstage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UOMedian 0.924 0.308 0.924 0.568 0.924 0.717 Average 1.38 0.504 1.38 0.8851.38 1.14 Stdev 1.48 1.28 1.48 1.46 1.48 1.24 p(t-test)  9.9E−16  1.1E−40.13 Min 1.00E−5 1.00E−5 1.00E−5 1.00E−5 1.00E−5 1.00E−5 Max 21.5 16.721.5 15.8 21.5 6.00 n (Samp) 3701 193 3701 140 3701 88 n (Patient) 491193 491 140 491 88 sCr only Median 0.820 0.505 0.820 0.500 0.820 0.637Average 1.25 1.05 1.25 0.642 1.25 0.851 Stdev 1.41 2.29 1.41 0.542 1.411.05 p(t-test) 0.27 0.0013 0.069 Min 1.00E−5 1.00E−5 1.00E−5 1.00E−51.00E−5 1.00E−5 Max 21.5 16.7 21.5 3.00 21.5 6.00 n (Samp) 4661 58 466155 4661 41 n (Patient) 617 58 617 55 617 41 UO only Median 0.919 0.2700.919 0.538 0.919 0.719 Average 1.39 0.333 1.39 0.890 1.39 1.19 Stdev1.54 0.414 1.54 1.55 1.54 1.24 p(t-test)  3.1E−18  4.8E−4 0.28 Min1.00E−5 1.00E−5 1.00E−5 1.00E−5 1.00E−5 1.00E−5 Max 21.5 4.67 21.5 15.821.5 5.71 n (Samp) 3986 164 3986 121 3986 73 n (Patient) 525 164 525 121525 73 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior toAKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr orUO sCr only UO only AUC 0.15 0.34 0.10 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.42 0.36 0.43 SE0.017 0.039 0.016 0.025 0.040 0.027 0.032 0.047 0.035 p 0 3.5E−5 0 4.8E−12 7.8E−6 2.2E−11 0.0097 0.0038 0.048 nCohort 1 3701 4661 39863701 4661 3986 3701 4661 3986 nCohort 2 193 58 164 140 55 121 88 41 73Cutoff 1 0.215 0.282 0.196 0.423 0.376 0.391 0.551 0.344 0.505 Sens 170% 71% 70% 70% 71% 70% 70% 71% 71% Spec 1  4%  9%  3% 14% 15% 12% 23%13% 20% Cutoff 2 0.133 0.214 0.119 0.339 0.291 0.323 0.445 0.240 0.424Sens 2 80% 81% 80% 80% 80% 80% 81% 80% 81% Spec 2  2%  5%  2%  8%  9% 7% 15%  6% 14% Cutoff 3 0.0977 0.108 0.0943 0.243 0.104 0.240 0.2490.146 0.260 Sens 3 90% 91% 90% 90% 91% 90% 91% 90% 90% Spec 3  1%  2% 1%  4%  2%  4%  4%  3%  5% Cutoff 4 1.42 1.29 1.41 1.42 1.29 1.41 1.421.29 1.41 Sens 4  4% 19%  1% 11%  7% 12% 22% 12% 26% Spec 4 70% 70% 70%70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 1.88 1.74 1.88 1.88 1.74 1.88 1.88 1.741.88 Sens 5  3% 10%  1%  7%  4%  7% 14% 10% 18% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80%80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 2.78 2.58 2.78 2.78 2.58 2.78 2.78 2.582.78 Sens 6  2%  5%  1%  4%  2%  3%  8%  7% 10% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90%90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 1.1 0.89 2.0 2.3 3.4 2.6 1.0 1.4 0.81 pValue 0.79 0.81 0.42 0.022 0.067 0.016 1.00 0.56 0.58 95% CI of 0.410.34 0.37 1.1 0.92 1.2 0.50 0.44 0.39 OR Quart2 3.2 2.3 11 4.7 12 5.62.0 4.4 1.7 OR Quart 3 2.6 1.4 5.0 3.3 5.4 2.9 1.8 2.2 1.2 p Value 0.0330.39 0.037 6.9E−4 0.0075 0.0056 0.070 0.14 0.61 95% CI of 1.1 0.62 1.11.6 1.6 1.4 0.95 0.77 0.61 OR Quart3 6.3 3.4 23 6.5 19 6.3 3.3 6.4 2.3OR Quart 4 27 3.2 86 6.7 8.8 7.4 1.8 3.6 1.6 p Value 0 0.0028 4.2E−106.9E−9 3.6E−4 2.5E−8  0.070 0.011 0.16 95% CI of 13 1.5 21 3.5 2.7 3.70.95 1.3 0.84 OR Quart4 58 6.7 350 13 29 15 3.3 9.8 3.0 Insulin-likegrowth factor-binding protein 7/(Weight Adjusted Urine Output) 0 hrprior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stageCohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median74.3 450 74.3 182 74.3 119 Average 76700 1180000 76700 242000 76700416000 Stdev 902000 7480000 902000 2330000 902000 2920000 p(t-test)   3.0E−15 0.053 0.0017 Min 0.929 1.80 0.929 2.93 0.929 3.66 Max 2.49E76.00E7 2.49E7 2.66E7 2.49E7 2.50E7 n (Samp) 3691 191 3691 139 3691 87 n(Patient) 491 191 491 139 491 87 sCr only Median 90.2 270 90.2 211 90.2203 Average 74300 1690000 74300 624000 74300 1640000 Stdev 8840008750000 884000 3730000 884000 7400000 p(t-test)    1.3E−20    3.2E−5   5.4E−19 Min 0.929 1.80 0.929 17.5 0.929 4.09 Max 2.49E7 6.00E7 2.49E72.66E7 2.49E7 3.83E7 n (Samp) 4641 57 4641 54 4641 41 n (Patient) 617 57617 54 617 41 UO only Median 75.9 560 75.9 168 75.9 111 Average 831001390000 83100 58400 83100 502000 Stdev 984000 8090000 984000 639000984000 3210000 p(t-test)    4.0E−18 0.78    9.4E−4 Min 0.929 4.28 0.9292.93 0.929 3.66 Max 2.66E7 6.00E7 2.66E7 7020000 2.66E7 2.50E7 n (Samp)3970 163 3970 121 3970 72 n (Patient) 525 163 525 121 525 72 0 hr priorto AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UOsCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO onlyAUC 0.87 0.71 0.89 0.69 0.72 0.68 0.60 0.68 3.56 SE 0.017 0.039 0.0170.025 0.040 0.027 0.032 0.046 0.035 p 0 4.3E−8 0  2.1E−14 2.0E−8 1.1E−11 0.0019 7.6E−5 0.072 nCohort 1 3691 4641 3970 3691 4641 39703691 4641 3970 nCohort 2 191 57 163 139 54 121 87 41 72 Cutoff 1 270 148324 94.7 138 94.7 69.2 100 59.7 Sens 1 70% 70% 71% 71% 70% 70% 70% 71%71% Spec 1 87% 66% 89% 57% 63% 56% 48% 53% 42% Cutoff 2 189 74.2 22663.8 69.8 66.1 32.7 87.1 27.6 Sens 2 80% 81% 80% 81% 81% 80% 80% 80% 81%Spec 2 78% 45% 82% 45% 43% 45% 27% 49% 23% Cutoff 3 128 35.9 155 34.455.0 40.2 18.3 25.4 17.5 Sens 3 90% 91% 90% 91% 91% 90% 91% 90% 90% Spec3 67% 25% 72% 28% 36% 31% 16% 19% 15% Cutoff 4 142 171 146 142 171 146142 171 146 Sens 4 88% 65% 91% 55% 65% 54% 44% 56% 36% Spec 4 70% 70%70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 204 254 209 204 254 209 204 254 209Sens 5 77% 54% 82% 46% 48% 45% 32% 46% 28% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80%80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 330 428 344 330 428 344 330 428 344 Sens 6 62%35% 66% 25% 33% 25% 18% 29% 14% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%90% OR Quart 2 2.0 1.6 1.5 2.3 3.4 2.0 0.64 1.00 0.75 p Value 0.26 0.410.66 0.027 0.067 0.088 0.26 1.00 0.45 95% CI of 0.60 0.52 0.25 1.1 0.920.90 0.30 0.29 0.35 OR Quart2 6.7 4.9 9.0 4.9 12 4.5 1.4 3.5 1.6 ORQuart 3 6.1 2.4 10 3.4 4.4 3.9 1.6 2.2 1.3 p Value 8.2E−4  0.099 0.00188.1E−4 0.022 3.4E−4 0.13 0.14 0.41 95% CI of 2.1 0.85 2.4 1.7 1.2 1.80.87 0.77 0.68 OR Quart3 18 6.9 44 6.9 15 8.1 3.0 6.4 2.5 OR Quart 4 466.5 79 7.8 9.5 7.0 1.9 4.0 1.4 p Value 5.4E−14 9.9E−5 8.8E−10 1.6E−92.1E−4 6.4E−8 0.033 0.0053 0.26 95% CI of 17 2.5 20 4.0 2.9 3.5 1.1 1.50.76 OR Quart4 120 17 320 15 31 14 3.5 11 2.8 Metalloproteinaseinhibitor 2/(Weight Adjusted Urine Output) 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hrprior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 3.67 21.1 3.67 8.56 3.675.06 Average 4040 135000 4040 32600 4040 20500 Stdev 48800 1300000 48800295000 48800 151000 p(t-test)    1.5E−9 7.5E−6 0.0044 Min 0.0558 0.07180.0558 0.156 0.0558 0.210 Max 1220000 1.71E7 1220000 3240000 12200001340000 n (Samp) 3691 191 3691 139 3691 87 n (Patient) 491 191 491 139491 87 sCr only Median 4.27 11.7 4.27 10.9 4.27 9.27 Average 3820 3440003820 83900 3820 104000 Stdev 46500 2280000 46500 472000 46500 479000p(t-test)    1.2E−23  1.2E−17 5.7E−23 Min 0.0558 0.0718 0.0558 0.6700.0558 0.248 Max 1220000 1.71E7 1220000 3240000 1220000 2680000 n (Samp)4641 57 4641 54 4641 41 n (Patient) 617 57 617 54 617 41 UO only Median3.73 24.7 3.73 8.20 3.73 4.87 Average 4260 159000 4260 26800 4260 24800Stdev 51700 1410000 51700 295000 51700 166000 p(t-test)    9.2E−126.7E−4 0.0020 Min 0.0558 0.257 0.0558 0.156 0.0558 0.210 Max 12900001.71E7 1290000 3240000 1290000 1340000 n (Samp) 3970 163 3970 121 397072 n (Patient) 525 163 525 121 525 72 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hrprior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO onlysCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.87 0.72 0.890.67 0.71 0.67 0.58 0.65 0.56 SE 0.017 0.039 0.017 0.026 0.040 0.0270.032 0.047 0.035 p 0 1.3E−8 0 7.4E−12 2.8E−7 4.6E−10 0.011 9.9E−4 0.100nCohort 1 3691 4641 3970 3691 4641 3970 3691 4641 3970 nCohort 2 191 57163 139 54 121 87 41 72 Cutoff 1 12.2 6.56 15.7 3.92 5.25 3.99 2.95 4.922.69 Sens 1 70% 70% 71% 71% 70% 70% 70% 71% 71% Spec 1 86% 63% 90% 52%56% 52% 43% 54% 40% Cutoff 2 9.47 4.67 10.9 2.78 3.66 2.88 1.62 3.001.30 Sens 2 80% 81% 80% 81% 81% 80% 80% 80% 81% Spec 2 80% 53% 82% 41%45% 41% 27% 39% 22% Cutoff 3 6.00 1.46 7.55 1.38 1.87 1.65 0.726 0.7260.719 Sens 3 90% 91% 90% 91% 91% 90% 91% 90% 90% Spec 3 66% 22% 72% 23%27% 27% 12% 11% 12% Cutoff 4 6.85 8.25 7.03 6.85 8.25 7.03 6.85 8.257.03 Sens 4 87% 63% 92% 54% 61% 52% 37% 56% 33% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70%70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 9.50 11.6 9.84 9.50 11.6 9.84 9.50 11.69.84 Sens 5 80% 53% 84% 45% 46% 41% 31% 39% 29% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80%80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 15.2 19.7 16.0 15.2 19.7 16.0 15.2 19.716.0 Sens 6 64% 37% 69% 26% 37% 26% 21% 24% 19% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90%90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 0.66 0.57 1.0 1.5 2.2 2.0 1.00 1.00 1.00p Value 0.53 0.37 1.0 0.25 0.14 0.059 1.00 1.00 1.00 95% CI of 0.19 0.170.14 0.76 0.77 0.97 0.50 0.29 0.49 OR Quart2 2.4 2.0 7.1 2.9 6.4 4.2 2.03.5 2.1 OR Quart 3 4.4 1.9 9.7 2.1 1.8 2.6 1.6 2.6 1.3 p Value 0.00110.18 0.0023 0.019 0.29 0.0081 0.16 0.068 0.40 95% CI of 1.8 0.74 2.2 1.10.60 1.3 0.84 0.93 0.68 OR Quart3 11 4.7 42 3.9 5.4 5.2 3.0 7.4 2.6 ORQuart 4 31 4.8 81 5.0 5.9 5.7 1.9 3.6 1.5 p Value 2.2E−16 1.7E−4 7.6E−102.1E−8  2.5E−4 1.4E−7  0.040 0.011 0.25 95% CI of 13 2.1 20 2.9 2.3 3.01.0 1.3 0.76 OR Quart4 69 11 330 8.8 15 11 3.5 9.8 2.9 Insulin-likegrowth factor-binding protein 7 X Serum Creatinine 0 hr prior to AKIstage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 49.1 167 49.196.5 49.1 78.1 Average 66.8 246 66.8 156 66.8 125 Stdev 63.6 242 63.6214 63.6 146 p(t-test) 3.7E−181 1.3E−45 3.9E−16 Min 2.00 14.0 2.00 9.202.00 14.1 Max 769 1630 769 1820 769 845 n (Samp) 4155 190 4155 144 415587 n (Patient) 494 190 494 144 494 87 sCr only Median 54.1 249 54.1 16554.1 123 Average 76.1 349 76.1 255 76.1 201 Stdev 77.6 300 77.6 234 77.6200 p(t-test) 2.0E−133 2.9E−58 5.6E−25 Min 2.00 42.1 2.00 9.20 2.00 14.9Max 973 1180 973 1020 973 950 n (Samp) 5178 61 5178 55 5178 44 n(Patient) 620 61 620 55 620 44 UO only Median 50.3 156 50.3 86.3 50.366.7 Average 74.2 234 74.2 141 74.2 103 Stdev 90.4 229 90.4 205 90.4 111p(t-test) 3.8E−87  1.3E−14 0.0080 Min 2.00 14.0 2.00 15.2 2.00 14.1 Max1150 1630 1150 1820 1150 744 n (Samp) 4425 162 4425 125 4425 70 n(Patient) 525 162 525 125 525 70 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior toAKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UOsCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.85 0.88 0.83 0.72 0.810.70 0.67 0.78 0.62 SE 0.018 0.028 0.020 0.024 0.035 0.027 0.032 0.0420.036 p 0 0 0 0 0  6.0E−14 2.6E−7 2.8E−11 6.2E−4 nCohort 1 4155 51784425 4155 5178 4425 4155 5178 4425 nCohort 2 190 61 162 144 55 125 87 4470 Cutoff 1 100 142 101 62.2 114 60.2 53.9 94.2 51.4 Sens 1 70% 70% 70%70% 71% 70% 70% 70% 70% Spec 1 82% 88% 80% 62% 82% 59% 55% 75% 51%Cutoff 2 69.7 91.2 70.3 45.5 73.5 45.4 42.5 70.9 42.2 Sens 2 80% 80% 80%81% 80% 80% 80% 82% 80% Spec 2 67% 74% 66% 46% 65% 45% 42% 63% 41%Cutoff 3 55.6 62.3 52.1 34.9 52.8 33.6 28.4 37.5 28.4 Sens 3 90% 90% 90%90% 91% 90% 91% 91% 90% Spec 3 56% 57% 52% 34% 49% 32% 26% 33% 26%Cutoff 4 74.4 82.5 76.9 74.4 82.5 76.9 74.4 82.5 76.9 Sens 4 78% 85% 78%61% 76% 58% 52% 75% 44% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70%Cutoff 5 96.0 107 99.7 96.0 107 99.7 96.0 107 99.7 Sens 5 71% 75% 70%50% 73% 44% 34% 55% 27% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80%Cutoff 6 135 156 145 135 156 145 135 156 145 Sens 6 57% 69% 54% 35% 55%27% 23% 41% 19% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 24.7 >3.0 4.4 3.3 0.50 4.1 2.0 1.00 1.9 p Value 0.015 <0.34 0.022 0.00550.42 0.0022 0.13 1.00 0.19 95% CI of 1.4 >0.31 1.2 1.4 0.091 1.7 0.810.20 0.74 OR Quart2 16 na 15 7.8 2.7 10.0 5.0 5.0 4.7 OR Quart 3 11 >109.2 5.4 2.0 5.6 4.2 2.3 3.9 p Value 9.8E−5  <0.028 2.8E−4  4.4E−5  0.261.1E−4 6.6E−4 0.22 0.0013 95% CI of 3.2 >1.3 2.8 2.4 0.60 2.4 1.8 0.601.7 OR Quart3 35 na 30 12 6.7 14 9.7 9.1 9.0 OR Quart 4 54 >50 44 12 1111 5.4 11 3.3 p Value 8.8E−12 <1.1E−4 1.0E−10 5.5E−10 7.3E−6 2.8E−84.4E−5 1.0E−4  0.0055 95% CI of 17 >6.9 14 5.4 3.8 4.7 2.4 3.2 1.4 ORQuart4 170 na 140 26 30 25 12 35 7.8 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 XSerum Creatinine 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hrprior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2sCr or UO Median 2.35 7.48 2.35 4.24 2.35 3.25 Average 3.24 14.8 3.249.27 3.24 7.53 Stdev 3.35 33.8 3.35 21.1 3.35 25.3 p(t-test) 8.1E−865.8E−44 7.3E−16 Min 0.120 0.840 0.120 0.481 0.120 0.516 Max 51.2 37451.2 189 51.2 236 n (Samp) 4155 190 4155 144 4155 87 n (Patient) 494 190494 144 494 87 sCr only Median 2.60 12.3 2.60 8.26 2.60 5.40 Average3.74 27.2 3.74 16.7 3.74 8.58 Stdev 4.54 57.8 4.54 30.0 4.54 13.2p(t-test)  1.3E−118 5.7E−67 9.5E−12 Min 0.120 1.40 0.120 0.534 0.1200.600 Max 69.5 374 69.5 189 69.5 88.4 n (Samp) 5178 61 5178 55 5178 44 n(Patient) 620 61 620 55 620 44 UO only Median 2.40 7.35 2.40 3.93 2.403.17 Average 4.04 11.8 4.04 8.75 4.04 7.98 Stdev 14.6 11.8 14.6 21.914.6 28.2 p(t-test) 3.2E−11 4.8E−4  0.028 Min 0.120 0.840 0.120 0.4810.120 0.516 Max 549 63.3 549 213 549 236 n (Samp) 4425 162 4425 125 442570 n (Patient) 525 162 525 125 525 70 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hrprior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO onlysCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.84 0.88 0.830.69 0.79 0.67 0.64 0.74 0.60 SE 0.018 0.029 0.020 0.025 0.036 0.0270.032 0.043 0.036 p 0 0 0 3.6E−14 1.1E−15 2.9E−10 1.6E−5 2.6E−8 0.0042nCohort 1 4155 5178 4425 4155 5178 4425 4155 5178 4425 nCohort 2 190 61162 144 55 125 87 44 70 Cutoff 1 4.62 6.62 4.58 2.63 4.72 2.54 2.49 3.372.34 Sens 1 70% 70% 70% 70% 71% 70% 70% 70% 70% Spec 1 81% 88% 79% 55%78% 53% 53% 63% 49% Cutoff 2 3.29 5.39 3.28 1.87 3.22 1.87 1.68 2.571.63 Sens 2 80% 80% 80% 81% 80% 80% 80% 82% 80% Spec 2 66% 82% 65% 39%61% 38% 33% 50% 31% Cutoff 3 2.47 3.16 2.47 1.55 1.91 1.55 1.44 1.731.44 Sens 3 90% 90% 90% 90% 91% 90% 91% 91% 90% Spec 3 52% 60% 51% 30%35% 30% 26% 31% 26% Cutoff 4 3.56 3.92 3.64 3.56 3.92 3.64 3.56 3.923.64 Sens 4 78% 87% 77% 56% 76% 54% 41% 68% 36% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70%70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 4.53 5.07 4.71 4.53 5.07 4.71 4.53 5.074.71 Sens 5 71% 82% 69% 46% 62% 42% 37% 61% 29% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80%80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 6.31 7.11 6.73 6.31 7.11 6.73 6.31 7.116.73 Sens 6 56% 66% 56% 28% 55% 24% 21% 34% 16% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90%90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 5.1 4.0 7.6 2.6 1.0 2.6 2.6 1.2 2.2 pValue 0.011 0.21 0.0072 0.0081 1.0 0.0097 0.033 0.74 0.095 95% CI of 1.50.45 1.7 1.3 0.25 1.3 1.1 0.33 0.88 OR Quart2 18 36 33 5.2 4.0 5.5 6.24.7 5.3 OR Quart 3 12 5.0 15 3.0 2.0 3.1 3.9 1.3 3.6 p Value 3.7E−5 0.14 1.9E−4 0.0020 0.26 0.0024 0.0013 0.74 0.0027 95% CI of 3.7 0.58 3.71.5 0.60 1.5 1.7 0.34 1.6 OR Quart3 39 43 64 5.9 6.7 6.3 9.1 4.7 8.4 ORQuart 4 52 53 64 7.0 10 6.2 5.1 7.6 3.3 p Value 1.5E−11 8.5E−5 6.1E−92.2E−9  1.2E−5  1.3E−7  8.6E−5 1.4E−4 0.0055 95% CI of 17 7.3 16 3.7 3.63.1 2.3 2.7 1.4 OR Quart4 160 380 260 13 28 12 12 22 7.8 Insulin-likegrowth factor-binding protein 7 X Serum Creatinine/(Weight AdjustedUrine Output) 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hrprior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2sCr or UO Median 54.6 527 54.6 181 54.6 116 Average 58700 1510000 58700253000 58700 474000 Stdev 666000 1.25E7 666000 2180000 666000 3610000p(t-test)    1.5E−11 0.0041    1.0E−5 Min 0.318 3.00 0.318 2.32 0.3182.46 Max 1.52E7 1.63E8 1.52E7 2.26E7 1.52E7 3.25E7 n (Samp) 3574 1873574 137 3574 85 n (Patient) 490 187 490 137 490 85 sCr only Median 67.7430 67.7 317 67.7 229 Average 59500 2770000 59500 641000 59500 3080000Stdev 687000 1.59E7 687000 3450000 687000 1.55E7 p(t-test)    1.4E−26   5.1E−8    2.0E−32 Min 0.318 3.73 0.318 12.7 0.318 4.75 Max 1.52E71.18E8 1.52E7 2.26E7 1.52E7 9.50E7 n (Samp) 4492 57 4492 54 4492 41 n(Patient) 616 57 616 54 616 41 UO only Median 56.8 638 56.8 177 56.8 108Average 66200 1740000 66200 101000 66200 576000 Stdev 769000 1.35E7769000 1090000 769000 3980000 p(t-test)    1.3E−13 0.63    5.3E−6 Min0.318 3.00 0.318 2.32 0.318 2.46 Max 2.26E7 1.63E8 2.26E7 1.19E7 2.26E73.25E7 n (Samp) 3847 159 3847 119 3847 70 n (Patient) 524 159 524 119524 70 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior toAKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr orUO sCr only UO only AUC 0.90 0.81 0.91 0.74 0.79 0.72 0.65 0.73 0.61 SE0.015 0.035 0.016 0.025 0.037 0.027 0.033 0.045 0.036 p 0 0 0 0 2.9E−156.7E−16 8.7E−6 2.5E−7 0.0019 nCohort 1 3574 4492 3847 3574 4492 38473574 4492 3847 nCohort 2 187 57 159 137 54 119 85 41 70 Cutoff 1 305 200370 100 168 95.6 62.3 97.7 45.5 Sens 1 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 71% 71% 71%70% Spec 1 91% 79% 92% 68% 74% 65% 54% 61% 44% Cutoff 2 182 109 203 58.3128 54.9 32.2 74.6 25.7 Sens 2 80% 81% 81% 80% 81% 81% 80% 80% 80% Spec2 83% 63% 83% 52% 68% 49% 36% 53% 30% Cutoff 3 111 52.0 139 24.6 25.324.2 14.8 41.1 14.8 Sens 3 90% 91% 91% 91% 91% 91% 91% 90% 90% Spec 371% 43% 75% 30% 26% 29% 20% 37% 20% Cutoff 4 108 140 114 108 140 114 108140 114 Sens 4 91% 74% 93% 69% 78% 65% 52% 56% 49% Spec 4 70% 70% 70%70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 164 212 174 164 212 174 164 212 174Sens 5 82% 67% 86% 55% 61% 50% 34% 51% 30% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80%80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 272 390 307 272 390 307 272 390 307 Sens 6 72%56% 73% 31% 46% 24% 25% 41% 21% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%90% OR Quart 2 2.5 3.0 2.0 2.4 0.50 1.8 1.4 1.0 1.6 p Value 0.27 0.180.57 0.039 0.42 0.17 0.41 1.0 0.30 95% CI of 0.49 0.61 0.18 1.0 0.0910.79 0.62 0.20 0.67 OR Quart2 13 15 22 5.5 2.7 4.1 3.2 5.0 3.6 OR Quart3 11 4.5 15 3.2 3.3 2.8 2.4 4.4 2.1 p Value 0.0011 0.054 0.0085 0.00470.038 0.0080 0.019 0.022 0.063 95% CI of 2.6 0.98 2.0 1.4 1.1 1.3 1.21.2 0.96 OR Quart3 48 21 120 7.1 10 6.1 5.1 15 4.7 OR Quart 4 95 21 16012 9.0 8.2 3.8 7.5 3.2 p Value 1.8E−10 3.0E−5 3.9E−7 5.1E−11 3.4E−5 4.3E−9  2.0E−4 0.0011 0.0028 95% CI of 23 5.0 23 5.6 3.2 4.0 1.9 2.2 1.5OR Quart4 380 86 1200 24 25 16 7.7 25 6.8 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2X Serum Creatinine/(Weight Adjusted Urine Output) 0 hr prior to AKIstage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 2.57 24.5 2.577.60 2.57 4.97 Average 3180 85900 3180 48200 3180 24200 Stdev 39700610000 39700 479000 39700 192000 p(t-test) 6.8E−15 2.2E−7 9.0E−5 Min0.0191 0.149 0.0191 0.124 0.0191 0.0903 Max 1340000 6330000 13400005510000 1340000 1740000 n (Samp) 3574 187 3574 137 3574 85 n (Patient)490 187 490 137 490 85 sCr only Median 3.21 18.8 3.21 14.8 3.21 9.46Average 3150 286000 3150 122000 3150 247000 Stdev 39200 1490000 39200762000 39200 1390000 p(t-test) 4.5E−35  1.7E−21  1.3E−29 Min 0.01910.149 0.0191 0.418 0.0191 0.221 Max 1340000 9440000 1340000 55100001340000 8840000 n (Samp) 4492 57 4492 54 4492 41 n (Patient) 616 57 61654 616 41 UO only Median 2.66 29.7 2.66 7.01 2.66 5.01 Average 3450101000 3450 46300 3450 29300 Stdev 42800 660000 42800 505000 42800211000 p(t-test) 3.4E−18 2.0E−6 2.5E−5 Min 0.0191 0.180 0.0191 0.1240.0191 0.0903 Max 1340000 6330000 1340000 5510000 1340000 1740000 n(Samp) 3847 159 3847 119 3847 70 n (Patient) 524 159 524 119 524 70 0 hrprior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCror UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UOonly AUC 0.90 0.81 0.91 0.71 0.78 0.70 0.63 0.71 0.61 SE 0.015 0.0350.016 0.025 0.038 0.027 0.033 0.046 0.036 p 0 0 0 0 1.3E−13 3.0E−137.8E−5 6.4E−6 0.0035 nCohort 1 3574 4492 3847 3574 4492 3847 3574 44923847 nCohort 2 187 57 159 137 54 119 85 41 70 Cutoff 1 13.4 8.23 15.44.28 7.88 4.13 2.80 4.11 1.97 Sens 1 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 71% 71% 71% 70%Spec 1 90% 76% 90% 65% 75% 63% 52% 57% 41% Cutoff 2 8.84 4.92 9.79 2.394.28 2.39 1.45 3.03 1.21 Sens 2 80% 81% 81% 80% 81% 81% 80% 80% 80% Spec2 84% 62% 84% 48% 58% 47% 34% 48% 29% Cutoff 3 5.36 3.10 6.44 1.08 1.841.14 0.721 1.88 0.721 Sens 3 90% 91% 91% 91% 91% 91% 91% 90% 90% Spec 371% 49% 74% 27% 35% 28% 19% 36% 19% Cutoff 4 5.15 6.69 5.47 5.15 6.695.47 5.15 6.69 5.47 Sens 4 91% 74% 94% 65% 74% 61% 48% 56% 44% Spec 470% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 7.55 9.91 8.10 7.55 9.918.10 7.55 9.91 8.10 Sens 5 83% 68% 87% 50% 57% 46% 39% 46% 34% Spec 580% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 13.4 17.9 15.0 13.4 17.915.0 13.4 17.9 15.0 Sens 6 70% 51% 70% 31% 46% 29% 22% 34% 17% Spec 690% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 1.5 2.0 2.0 1.7 0.60 2.11.5 1.3 1.3 p Value 0.66 0.42 0.57 0.16 0.48 0.063 0.32 0.74 0.53 95% CIof 0.25 0.37 0.18 0.82 0.14 0.96 0.67 0.34 0.57 OR Quart2 9.0 11 22 3.52.5 4.7 3.4 4.7 3.0 OR Quart 3 12 5.5 14 2.4 1.8 3.3 2.4 2.3 1.9 p Value8.5E−4  0.026 0.010 0.013 0.29 0.0019 0.019 0.18 0.098 95% CI of 2.8 1.21.9 1.2 0.60 1.5 1.2 0.69 0.89 OR Quart3 50 25 110 4.7 5.4 7.0 5.1 7.44.1 OR Quart 4 95 21 170 6.9 7.6 7.3 3.7 5.8 2.8 p Value 1.7E−10 3.0E−53.7E−7 7.7E−10 2.2E−5  3.4E−8  2.8E−4 0.0012 0.0048 95% CI of 24 5.0 233.7 3.0 3.6 1.8 2.0 1.4 OR Quart4 390 86 1200 13 19 15 7.5 17 5.9Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 X Metalloproteinaseinhibitor 2 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr priorto AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCror UO Median 0.235 1.06 0.235 0.471 0.235 0.331 Average 0.447 2.47 0.4471.53 0.447 1.07 Stdev 0.662 6.91 0.662 4.49 0.662 2.76 p(t-test) 1.6E−679.0E−35 2.2E−14 Min 0.0240 0.0240 0.0240 0.0240 0.0240 0.0240 Max 13.283.9 13.2 39.1 13.2 23.3 n (Samp) 4360 193 4360 146 4360 89 n (Patient)495 193 495 146 495 89 sCr only Median 0.258 1.14 0.258 0.894 0.2580.740 Average 0.521 3.77 0.521 3.14 0.521 1.34 Stdev 0.864 11.4 0.8646.98 0.864 1.92 p(t-test) 1.2E−64 1.7E−67 6.2E−10 Min 0.0240 0.02700.0240 0.0331 0.0240 0.0357 Max 16.4 83.9 16.4 39.1 16.4 8.59 n (Samp)5431 61 5431 56 5431 44 n (Patient) 621 61 621 56 621 44 UO only Median0.239 1.06 0.239 0.446 0.239 0.304 Average 0.526 2.54 0.526 1.47 0.5260.978 Stdev 1.63 8.41 1.63 6.42 1.63 2.91 p(t-test) 1.3E−29 4.8E−8 0.021 Min 0.0240 0.0240 0.0240 0.0240 0.0240 0.0240 Max 80.6 103 80.670.5 80.6 23.3 n (Samp) 4633 165 4633 127 4633 72 n (Patient) 526 165526 127 526 72 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hrprior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO onlysCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.80 0.74 0.79 0.65 0.71 0.64 0.59 0.670.55 SE 0.019 0.037 0.021 0.025 0.039 0.027 0.032 0.045 0.035 p 03.3E−11 0 6.6E−9 1.1E−7 5.0E−7 0.0060 1.8E−4 0.20 nCohort 1 4360 54314633 4360 5431 4633 4360 5431 4633 nCohort 2 193 61 165 146 56 127 89 4472 Cutoff 1 0.528 0.450 0.546 0.199 0.382 0.214 0.159 0.303 0.155 Sens 170% 70% 70% 71% 71% 70% 71% 70% 71% Spec 1 74% 67% 74% 45% 62% 47% 39%55% 38% Cutoff 2 0.342 0.174 0.342 0.160 0.126 0.169 0.127 0.160 0.105Sens 2 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 81% 82% 81% Spec 2 61% 38% 61% 39% 31%40% 33% 36% 29% Cutoff 3 0.179 0.101 0.188 0.0769 0.0769 0.0954 0.03920.0549 0.0392 Sens 3 90% 90% 90% 90% 91% 91% 91% 91% 90% Spec 3 42% 26%43% 22% 20% 27% 11% 15% 11% Cutoff 4 0.448 0.504 0.468 0.448 0.504 0.4680.448 0.504 0.468 Sens 4 74% 67% 73% 52% 62% 48% 44% 55% 35% Spec 4 70%70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 0.647 0.716 0.686 0.647 0.7160.686 0.647 0.716 0.686 Sens 5 63% 61% 61% 37% 55% 31% 30% 50% 19% Spec5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 1.09 1.22 1.17 1.09 1.221.17 1.09 1.22 1.17 Sens 6 50% 48% 48% 23% 43% 21% 19% 30% 15% Spec 690% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 3.0 1.3 4.3 2.3 1.1 2.81.3 1.2 1.3 p Value 0.0067 0.59 0.0037 0.0064 0.80 0.0024 0.50 0.78 0.4895% CI of 1.4 0.46 1.6 1.3 0.41 1.4 0.65 0.39 0.64 OR Quart2 6.8 3.9 114.1 3.2 5.4 2.4 3.5 2.6 OR Quart 3 3.6 1.5 5.7 1.8 1.3 2.5 1.4 1.2 1.5 pValue 0.0016 0.44 3.5E−4  0.071 0.62 0.0095 0.33 0.78 0.24 95% CI of 1.60.53 2.2 0.95 0.48 1.2 0.72 0.39 0.76 OR Quart3 7.9 4.2 15 3.3 3.5 4.82.6 3.5 3.0 OR Quart 4 19 6.5 24 4.3 4.7 4.6 2.0 4.1 1.4 p Value 1.3E−152.2E−5  3.6E−12 2.1E−7 2.4E−4 2.4E−6 0.030 0.0023 0.38 95% CI of 9.1 2.79.9 2.5 2.0 2.4 1.1 1.7 0.68 OR Quart4 38 15 60 7.5 11 8.6 3.6 9.9 2.7Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 X Metalloproteinaseinhibitor 2 X Serum Creatinine 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior toAKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 0.165 1.19 0.165 0.409 0.165 0.303Average 0.366 3.80 0.366 2.00 0.366 1.40 Stdev 0.694 12.6 0.694 6.720.694 4.99 p(t-test) 6.0E−63 2.7E−42 5.1E−22 Min 0.00240 0.0168 0.002400.0152 0.00240 0.0169 Max 15.7 156 15.7 64.1 15.7 43.1 n (Samp) 4155 1904155 144 4155 87 n (Patient) 494 190 494 144 494 87 sCr only Median0.193 1.93 0.193 0.980 0.193 0.634 Average 0.475 7.40 0.475 4.19 0.4751.96 Stdev 1.10 21.6 1.10 9.87 1.10 4.23 p(t-test) 3.0E−94 7.3E−743.8E−17 Min 0.00240 0.0747 0.00240 0.0152 0.00240 0.0178 Max 31.2 15631.2 64.1 31.2 25.5 n (Samp) 5178 61 5178 55 5178 44 n (Patient) 620 61620 55 620 44 UO only Median 0.171 1.18 0.171 0.387 0.171 0.275 Average0.552 2.85 0.552 2.16 0.552 1.32 Stdev 3.66 4.83 3.66 11.7 3.66 5.36p(t-test) 1.2E−14 1.6E−5  0.086 Min 0.00240 0.0168 0.00240 0.02080.00240 0.0169 Max 197 38.0 197 128 197 43.1 n (Samp) 4425 162 4425 1254425 70 n (Patient) 525 162 525 125 525 70 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hrprior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO onlysCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.84 0.84 0.830.69 0.77 0.67 0.63 0.73 0.59 SE 0.018 0.032 0.020 0.025 0.037 0.0270.032 0.044 0.036 p 0 0 0  5.4E−14 2.9E−13  3.0E−10 4.1E−5 1.4E−7 0.011nCohort 1 4155 5178 4425 4155 5178 4425 4155 5178 4425 nCohort 2 190 61162 144 55 125 87 44 70 Cutoff 1 0.486 0.460 0.544 0.187 0.466 0.1870.145 0.320 0.134 Sens 1 70% 70% 70% 70% 71% 70% 70% 70% 70% Spec 1 80%75% 81% 53% 75% 53% 46% 65% 44% Cutoff 2 0.307 0.289 0.336 0.119 0.2290.119 0.114 0.153 0.110 Sens 2 80% 80% 80% 81% 80% 80% 80% 82% 80% Spec2 68% 62% 69% 41% 55% 40% 39% 43% 38% Cutoff 3 0.170 0.243 0.170 0.07730.0984 0.0773 0.0404 0.105 0.0400 Sens 3 90% 90% 90% 90% 91% 90% 91% 91%90% Spec 3 51% 57% 50% 30% 31% 29% 17% 33% 17% Cutoff 4 0.332 0.3860.348 0.332 0.386 0.348 0.332 0.386 0.348 Sens 4 78% 72% 80% 56% 73% 54%44% 66% 37% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 0.4870.580 0.518 0.487 0.580 0.518 0.487 0.580 0.518 Sens 5 69% 69% 70% 44%64% 38% 33% 52% 29% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 60.831 0.998 0.934 0.831 0.998 0.934 0.831 0.998 0.934 Sens 6 59% 62% 57%28% 49% 23% 21% 39% 16% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% ORQuart 2 5.7 >6.0 4.7 2.5 1.8 2.7 1.7 2.3 1.7 p Value 0.0054 <0.097 0.0150.011 0.37 0.012 0.15 0.22 0.18 95% CI of 1.7 >0.72 1.3 1.2 0.51 1.20.82 0.60 0.78 OR Quart2 20 na 16 5.0 6.0 5.8 3.7 9.1 3.7 OR Quart 311 >13 8.5 3.3 1.5 4.2 2.0 2.7 2.0 p Value 6.0E−5  <0.013 4.8E−4  7.1E−40.53 1.2E−4 0.058 0.15 0.072 95% CI of 3.5 >1.7 2.6 1.6 0.42 2.0 0.980.71 0.94 OR Quart3 37 na 28 6.4 5.3 8.8 4.2 10 4.3 OR Quart 4 52 >43 456.8 9.7 6.4 3.3 8.8 2.3 p Value 1.5E−11 <2.0E−4 9.4E−11 4.2E−9 1.6E−5 3.2E−7 7.1E−4 3.7E−4 0.027 95% CI of 17 >6.0 14 3.6 3.5 3.1 1.6 2.7 1.1OR Quart4 160 na 140 13 27 13 6.4 29 4.9 Insulin-like growthfactor-binding protein 7 X Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2/ (WeightAdjusted Urine Output) 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 0.256 3.58 0.256 0.795 0.256 0.425 Average 42375600 423 4110 423 4420 Stdev 6850 780000 6850 34800 6850 36200p(t-test)    4.9E−9 6.2E−6  2.3E−5 Min 0.00112 0.00216 0.00112 0.007260.00112 0.00439 Max 247000 1.03E7 247000 344000 247000 335000 n (Samp)3691 191 3691 139 3691 87 n (Patient) 491 191 491 139 491 87 sCr onlyMedian 0.324 1.94 0.324 1.61 0.324 0.883 Average 395 191000 395 10600395 33500 Stdev 6320 1360000 6320 55600 6320 151000 p(t-test)    8.6E−228.2E−18  2.3E−42 Min 0.00112 0.00216 0.00112 0.0352 0.00112 0.00610 Max247000 1.03E7 247000 344000 247000 772000 n (Samp) 4641 57 4641 54 464141 n (Patient) 617 57 617 54 617 41 UO only Median 0.266 4.40 0.2660.649 0.266 0.375 Average 492 88600 492 1890 492 5340 Stdev 8570 8440008570 20700 8570 39800 p(t-test)    4.9E−11 0.099 4.7E−5 Min 0.001120.00514 0.00112 0.00726 0.00112 0.00439 Max 344000 1.03E7 344000 228000344000 335000 n (Samp) 3970 163 3970 121 3970 72 n (Patient) 525 163 525121 525 72 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr priorto AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCror UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.86 0.74 0.88 0.68 0.71 0.67 0.59 0.67 0.56SE 0.017 0.038 0.018 0.025 0.040 0.027 0.032 0.047 0.035 p 0 6.4E−10 04.0E−12 7.3E−8 8.7E−10 0.0055 2.2E−4 0.12 nCohort 1 3691 4641 3970 36914641 3970 3691 4641 3970 nCohort 2 191 57 163 139 54 121 87 41 72 Cutoff1 1.40 0.784 1.78 0.319 0.423 0.319 0.176 0.367 0.149 Sens 1 70% 70% 71%71% 70% 70% 70% 71% 71% Spec 1 85% 69% 87% 55% 56% 54% 42% 53% 38%Cutoff 2 0.869 0.222 0.983 0.156 0.193 0.185 0.0830 0.179 0.0632 Sens 280% 81% 80% 81% 81% 80% 80% 80% 81% Spec 2 77% 42% 78% 39% 40% 43% 28%38% 24% Cutoff 3 0.427 0.0632 0.488 0.0707 0.0797 0.0959 0.0220 0.03140.0220 Sens 3 90% 91% 90% 91% 91% 90% 91% 90% 90% Spec 3 62% 21% 63% 26%24% 30% 12% 14% 12% Cutoff 4 0.628 0.800 0.669 0.628 0.800 0.669 0.6280.800 0.669 Sens 4 85% 68% 88% 55% 63% 50% 44% 59% 38% Spec 4 70% 70%70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 1.04 1.36 1.14 1.04 1.36 1.14 1.041.36 1.14 Sens 5 77% 56% 79% 45% 54% 40% 32% 44% 28% Spec 5 80% 80% 80%80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 2.07 2.81 2.24 2.07 2.81 2.24 2.07 2.812.24 Sens 6 59% 39% 62% 27% 44% 26% 21% 32% 17% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90%90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 1.4 1.00 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.9 1.1 1.2 1.1 pValue 0.57 1.00 0.42 0.14 0.44 0.080 0.73 0.76 0.86 95% CI of 0.44 0.320.37 0.85 0.53 0.92 0.57 0.37 0.52 OR Quart2 4.4 3.1 11 3.2 4.2 4.0 2.23.9 2.2 OR Quart 3 6.2 1.0 13 2.5 1.5 3.1 1.4 2.2 1.3 p Value 1.8E−4 1.0 4.3E−4 0.0046 0.44 0.0014 0.33 0.14 0.40 95% CI of 2.4 0.32 3.2 1.30.53 1.5 0.72 0.77 0.68 OR Quart3 16 3.1 56 4.7 4.2 6.1 2.7 6.4 2.6 ORQuart 4 35 6.7 75 5.1 5.1 5.3 2.0 3.8 1.4 p Value 7.5E−15 1.6E−5  1.5E−93.5E−8  2.9E−4 5.1E−7  0.030 0.0076 0.32 95% CI of 14 2.8 18 2.9 2.1 2.81.1 1.4 0.72 OR Quart4 86 16 300 9.2 12 10 3.6 10 2.7 Insulin-likegrowth factor-binding protein 7 X Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 X SerumCreatinine/(Weight Adjusted Urine Output) 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hrprior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 0.181 3.46 0.181 0.695 0.1810.408 Average 311 45200 311 4960 311 5530 Stdev 4710 360000 4710 413004710 47300 p(t-test) 1.1E−13 6.0E−9 2.8E−8 Min 0.000381 0.00360 0.0003810.00574 0.000381 0.00295 Max 153000 3800000 153000 387000 153000 435000n (Samp) 3574 187 3574 137 3574 85 n (Patient) 490 187 490 137 490 85sCr only Median 0.240 3.00 0.240 2.12 0.240 1.32 Average 303 114000 30312600 303 74000 Stdev 4470 607000 4470 65400 4470 403000 p(t-test)8.7E−36  1.1E−26  2.7E−34 Min 0.000381 0.00447 0.000381 0.0265 0.0003810.00657 Max 153000 3800000 153000 387000 153000 2550000 n (Samp) 4492 574492 54 4492 41 n (Patient) 616 57 616 54 616 41 UO only Median 0.1915.49 0.191 0.673 0.191 0.398 Average 378 53100 378 3260 378 6710 Stdev6560 390000 6560 35500 6560 52100 p(t-test) 7.2E−17 5.1E−4 3.3E−8 Min0.000381 0.00360 0.000381 0.00574 0.000381 0.00295 Max 292000 3800000292000 387000 292000 435000 n (Samp) 3847 159 3847 119 3847 70 n(Patient) 524 159 524 119 524 70 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior toAKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UOsCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.89 0.80 0.90 0.71 0.770.69 0.62 0.71 0.59 SE 0.016 0.035 0.017 0.025 0.038 0.027 0.033 0.0460.036 p 0 0 0 4.4E−16 1.3E−12 3.5E−12 1.5E−4 4.6E−6 0.010 nCohort 1 35744492 3847 3574 4492 3847 3574 4492 3847 nCohort 2 187 57 159 137 54 11985 41 70 Cutoff 1 1.43 0.962 1.61 0.274 0.635 0.237 0.138 0.360 0.103Sens 1 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 71% 71% 71% 70% Spec 1 89% 78% 88% 59% 70%55% 43% 58% 37% Cutoff 2 0.956 0.501 1.16 0.156 0.326 0.167 0.0763 0.2290.0744 Sens 2 80% 81% 81% 80% 81% 81% 80% 80% 80% Spec 2 83% 65% 84% 47%56% 47% 33% 49% 32% Cutoff 3 0.492 0.158 0.548 0.0537 0.0537 0.07190.0321 0.0926 0.0321 Sens 3 90% 91% 91% 91% 91% 91% 91% 90% 90% Spec 371% 41% 72% 28% 24% 31% 20% 32% 20% Cutoff 4 0.468 0.632 0.492 0.4680.632 0.492 0.468 0.632 0.492 Sens 4 91% 75% 93% 62% 72% 58% 46% 56% 43%Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 0.812 1.10 0.8880.812 1.10 0.888 0.812 1.10 0.888 Sens 5 82% 67% 85% 48% 61% 44% 35% 56%30% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 1.62 2.57 1.881.62 2.57 1.88 1.62 2.57 1.88 Sens 6 66% 54% 67% 29% 48% 24% 24% 37% 20%Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 3.0 3.5 3.0 1.80.50 1.8 1.8 1.3 2.1 p Value 0.18 0.12 0.34 0.11 0.33 0.13 0.13 0.740.063 95% CI of 0.61 0.73 0.31 0.87 0.12 0.83 0.83 0.34 0.96 OR Quart215 17 29 3.8 2.0 3.9 4.0 4.7 4.7 OR Quart 3 11 3.5 17 3.0 1.7 3.3 2.32.3 1.8 p Value 0.0011 0.12 0.0057 0.0020 0.32 0.0012 0.027 0.18 0.1695% CI of 2.6 0.73 2.3 1.5 0.61 1.6 1.1 0.69 0.79 OR Quart3 48 17 1305.9 4.6 6.7 4.9 7.4 4.1 OR Quart 4 94 21 160 7.2 6.0 6.2 3.5 5.8 2.9 pValue 1.9E−10 2.5E−5 4.4E−7 1.4E−9  5.6E−5  1.2E−7  5.7E−4 0.0012 0.005795% CI of 23 5.1 22 3.8 2.5 3.2 1.7 2.0 1.4 OR Quart4 380 88 1100 14 1412 7.1 17 6.3 Serum Creatinine 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior toAKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 0.700 1.20 0.700 0.980 0.700 0.900Average 0.797 1.34 0.797 1.15 0.797 1.04 Stdev 0.404 0.785 0.404 0.7360.404 0.624 p(t-test) 9.9E−68 1.7E−23 1.4E−8 Min 0.100 0.240 0.100 0.2700.100 0.280 Max 3.42 4.30 3.42 5.30 3.42 4.14 n (Samp) 4509 205 4509 1504509 92 n (Patient) 495 205 495 150 495 92 sCr only Median 0.730 1.940.730 1.48 0.730 1.18 Average 0.842 2.04 0.842 1.56 0.842 1.30 Stdev0.459 1.05 0.459 0.867 0.459 0.790 p(t-test) 3.7E−92 2.6E−31  5.0E−11Min 0.100 0.240 0.100 0.370 0.100 0.400 Max 5.50 4.61 5.50 4.21 5.504.14 n (Samp) 5641 67 5641 58 5641 44 n (Patient) 621 67 621 58 621 44UO only Median 0.710 1.12 0.710 0.910 0.710 0.900 Average 0.826 1.290.826 1.10 0.826 1.04 Stdev 0.463 0.790 0.463 0.693 0.463 0.623p(t-test) 2.2E−35 5.3E−11 5.7E−5 Min 0.100 0.260 0.100 0.270 0.100 0.280Max 7.24 5.08 7.24 5.30 7.24 4.14 n (Samp) 4802 175 4802 130 4802 76 n(Patient) 526 175 526 130 526 76 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior toAKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UOsCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.73 0.87 0.70 0.67 0.780.64 0.64 0.73 0.62 SE 0.020 0.028 0.022 0.025 0.036 0.027 0.031 0.0430.035 p 0 0 0 1.2E−11 1.1E−14 5.5E−8 8.7E−6 8.8E−8 5.2E−4 nCohort 1 45095641 4802 4509 5641 4802 4509 5641 4802 nCohort 2 205 67 175 150 58 13092 44 76 Cutoff 1 0.770 1.39 0.690 0.720 0.980 0.690 0.690 0.890 0.690Sens 1 70% 70% 76% 70% 71% 75% 72% 73% 71% Spec 1 57% 90% 44% 53% 72%44% 45% 64% 44% Cutoff 2 0.660 1.09 0.640 0.590 0.820 0.590 0.590 0.7600.590 Sens 2 80% 81% 81% 81% 81% 82% 83% 82% 82% Spec 2 43% 79% 40% 32%61% 31% 32% 53% 31% Cutoff 3 0.540 0.790 0.530 0.490 0.490 0.490 0.4900.660 0.490 Sens 3 90% 91% 91% 93% 93% 93% 91% 91% 92% Spec 3 28% 55%26% 20% 17% 19% 20% 40% 19% Cutoff 4 0.900 0.930 0.900 0.900 0.930 0.9000.900 0.930 0.900 Sens 4 64% 82% 62% 53% 72% 51% 49% 66% 47% Spec 4 73%70% 71% 73% 70% 71% 73% 70% 71% Cutoff 5 1.02 1.10 1.08 1.02 1.10 1.081.02 1.10 1.08 Sens 5 59% 78% 55% 42% 62% 37% 40% 57% 36% Spec 5 80% 81%80% 80% 81% 80% 80% 81% 80% Cutoff 6 1.30 1.39 1.35 1.30 1.39 1.35 1.301.39 1.35 Sens 6 41% 70% 35% 29% 55% 25% 23% 34% 25% Spec 6 91% 90% 90%91% 90% 90% 91% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 2.6 1.5 2.4 1.5 0.33 1.2 1.6 0.75 1.7p Value 0.0012 0.66 0.0046 0.18 0.18 0.64 0.21 0.71 0.18 95% CI of 1.50.25 1.3 0.83 0.067 0.63 0.77 0.17 0.78 OR Quart2 4.7 9.0 4.3 2.8 1.62.2 3.3 3.4 3.7 OR Quart 3 1.6 4.0 1.5 1.7 2.2 1.6 1.6 2.8 1.6 p Value0.16 0.079 0.21 0.084 0.12 0.12 0.21 0.082 0.24 95% CI of 0.84 0.85 0.800.93 0.82 0.89 0.77 0.88 0.73 OR Quart3 3.0 19 2.9 3.0 5.7 2.8 3.3 8.73.6 OR Quart 4 8.5 28 6.6 4.4 6.3 3.2 3.6 6.6 3.4 p Value 2.2E−15 3.8E−65.4E−12 2.8E−8  3.1E−5  1.2E−5 1.1E−4 4.6E−4 8.5E−4 95% CI of 5.0 6.83.8 2.6 2.7 1.9 1.9 2.3 1.6 OR Quart4 14 120 11 7.4 15 5.4 6.9 19 6.9Serum Creatinine/(Weight Adjusted Urine Output) 0 hr prior to AKI stage24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 0.761 3.55 0.7611.70 0.761 1.29 Average 754 5140 754 1850 754 2300 Stdev 8280 29500 828016100 8280 15800 p(t-test) 1.8E−8 0.15 0.095 Min 0.0159 0.124 0.01590.0498 0.0159 0.0753 Max 180000 280000 180000 170000 180000 130000 n(Samp) 3584 189 3584 138 3584 87 n (Patient) 490 189 490 138 490 87 sCronly Median 0.914 3.45 0.914 2.79 0.914 2.05 Average 758 11600 758 4640758 10300 Stdev 8490 61600 8490 25400 8490 53400 p(t-test)  6.2E−140.0013 1.0E−9 Min 0.0159 0.124 0.0159 0.200 0.0159 0.184 Max 180000421000 180000 170000 180000 330000 n (Samp) 4512 58 4512 55 4512 40 n(Patient) 616 58 616 55 616 40 UO only Median 0.784 4.30 0.784 1.600.784 1.19 Average 819 5610 819 1430 819 2780 Stdev 9040 29400 904015600 9040 17300 p(t-test) 2.4E−8 0.48 0.075 Min 0.0159 0.150 0.01590.0498 0.0159 0.0753 Max 230000 280000 230000 170000 230000 130000 n(Samp) 3863 160 3863 119 3863 72 n (Patient) 524 160 524 119 524 72 0 hrprior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCror UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UOonly AUC 0.88 0.79 0.90 0.73 0.78 0.71 0.64 0.72 0.62 SE 0.016 0.0350.017 0.025 0.037 0.027 0.032 0.046 0.036 p 0 0 0 0 8.1E−14  6.2E−152.0E−5 2.6E−6 0.0011 nCohort 1 3584 4512 3863 3584 4512 3863 3584 45123863 nCohort 2 189 58 160 138 55 119 87 40 72 Cutoff 1 2.34 1.82 2.611.21 1.69 1.16 0.839 1.39 0.640 Sens 1 70% 71% 70% 70% 71% 71% 70% 70%71% Spec 1 88% 75% 90% 69% 73% 66% 54% 66% 42% Cutoff 2 1.70 1.24 1.920.824 1.32 0.750 0.530 1.05 0.469 Sens 2 80% 81% 80% 80% 80% 81% 80% 80%81% Spec 2 80% 62% 82% 53% 64% 49% 36% 55% 31% Cutoff 3 1.17 0.813 1.330.460 0.731 0.460 0.331 0.549 0.332 Sens 3 90% 91% 90% 91% 91% 91% 91%90% 90% Spec 3 67% 46% 70% 31% 42% 30% 21% 32% 21% Cutoff 4 1.27 1.541.32 1.27 1.54 1.32 1.27 1.54 1.32 Sens 4 88% 74% 91% 69% 71% 66% 52%65% 46% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 1.71 2.111.78 1.71 2.11 1.78 1.71 2.11 1.78 Sens 5 80% 60% 84% 49% 56% 48% 38%50% 33% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 2.59 3.382.68 2.59 3.38 2.68 2.59 3.38 2.68 Sens 6 64% 52% 69% 28% 42% 25% 18%35% 18% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 1.3 1.72.0 2.4 6.0 2.6 1.00 1.0 1.1 p Value 0.71 0.48 0.57 0.039 0.097 0.0331.00 1.0 0.84 95% CI of 0.30 0.40 0.18 1.0 0.72 1.1 0.46 0.25 0.48 ORQuart2 6.0 7.0 22 5.5 50 6.2 2.2 4.0 2.5 OR Quart 3 9.9 3.4 21 3.8 124.1 1.9 2.5 1.9 p Value 1.6E−4  0.067 0.0028 7.8E−4  0.017 9.2E−4 0.0730.12 0.080 95% CI of 3.0 0.92 2.9 1.8 1.6 1.8 0.94 0.79 0.92 OR Quart333 12 160 8.4 93 9.4 3.7 8.0 4.0 OR Quart 4 61 14 160 11 37 10 2.9 5.62.6 p Value 2.3E−12 1.2E−5 4.9E−7 1.4E−10 3.7E−4  8.5E−9 0.0010 0.00160.0080 95% CI of 19 4.2 22 5.3 5.1 4.6 1.5 1.9 1.3 OR Quart4 190 45 110023 270 22 5.5 16 5.2

TABLE 3 Comparison of the maximum marker levels in samples collectedfrom Cohort 1 (patients that did not progress beyond RIFLE stage 0) andthe maximum values in samples collected from subjects between enrollmentand 0, 24 hours, and 48 hours prior to reaching stage F in Cohort 2.Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 and Metalloproteinaseinhibitor 2 were measured in urine. Insulin-like growth factor-bindingprotein 7 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr priorto AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCror UO Median 128 248 128 205 128 168 Average 146 272 146 257 146 207Stdev 78.5 149 78.5 145 78.5 111 p(t-test) 1.3E−17 1.1E−13 6.3E−5 Min32.1 70.2 32.1 70.2 32.1 23.7 Max 600 600 600 600 600 498 n (Samp) 27553 275 48 275 33 n (Patient) 275 53 275 48 275 33 sCr only Median 146220 146 202 146 194 Average 162 255 162 244 162 216 Stdev 82.1 141 82.1127 82.1 110 p(t-test) 3.2E−9 3.8E−7 0.0018 Min 32.1 70.2 32.1 70.2 32.170.2 Max 600 600 600 600 600 498 n (Samp) 518 34 518 31 518 25 n(Patient) 518 34 518 31 518 25 UO only Median 130 272 130 215 130 168Average 149 296 149 273 149 218 Stdev 82.6 160 82.6 163 82.6 134p(t-test) 5.0E−16 1.5E−11 0.0014 Min 32.1 70.2 32.1 70.2 32.1 23.7 Max600 600 600 595 600 498 n (Samp) 331 31 331 29 331 17 n (Patient) 331 31331 29 331 17 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hrprior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO onlysCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.78 0.71 0.79 0.77 0.71 0.74 0.68 0.650.66 SE 0.039 0.051 0.049 0.042 0.053 0.054 0.053 0.061 0.074 P  2.9E−133.7E−5 2.4E−9  1.8E−10 6.4E−5 1.0E−5 5.5E−4 0.014 0.028 nCohort 1 275518 331 275 518 331 275 518 331 nCohort 2 53 34 31 48 31 29 33 25 17Cutoff 1 165 162 201 167 167 142 134 151 134 Sens 1 72% 71% 71% 71% 71%72% 73% 72% 71% Spec 1 71% 58% 80% 72% 61% 56% 53% 53% 52% Cutoff 2 130129 134 134 151 120 118 124 118 Sens 2 81% 82% 81% 81% 81% 83% 82% 80%82% Spec 2 51% 41% 52% 53% 53% 44% 45% 38% 44% Cutoff 3 118 114 118 118118 97.1 94.1 94.1 68.2 Sens 3 91% 91% 90% 92% 90% 93% 91% 92% 94% Spec3 45% 32% 44% 45% 36% 26% 25% 19% 11% Cutoff 4 165 193 167 165 193 167165 193 167 Sens 4 72% 59% 74% 71% 58% 69% 55% 52% 53% Spec 4 70% 70%70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 194 224 201 194 224 201 194 224 201Sens 5 62% 50% 71% 56% 42% 59% 42% 36% 41% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80%80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 239 278 247 239 278 247 239 278 247 Sens 6 51%41% 58% 40% 32% 45% 30% 28% 35% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%90% OR Quart 2 3.2 1.7 2.6 2.4 2.0 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.5 p Value 0.086 0.480.27 0.21 0.42 0.47 0.73 0.71 0.65 95% CI of 0.85 0.40 0.48 0.60 0.370.40 0.33 0.29 0.25 OR Quart2 12 7.2 14 9.7 11 7.4 4.9 6.1 9.3 OR Quart3 2.8 3.1 1.0 4.0 6.5 1.3 2.1 2.4 2.0 p Value 0.13 0.091 1.0 0.038 0.0160.70 0.24 0.21 0.42 95% CI of 0.73 0.83 0.14 1.1 1.4 0.29 0.61 0.60 0.37OR Quart3 11 12 7.3 15 30 6.2 7.3 9.4 11 OR Quart 4 18 6.3 14 13 7.0 6.84.8 3.9 4.3 p Value 5.0E−6 0.0039 4.8E−4 5.7E−5 0.011 0.0031 0.00750.041 0.070 95% CI of 5.2 1.8 3.2 3.7 1.6 1.9 1.5 1.1 0.89 OR Quart4 6122 62 44 32 24 15 14 21 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 0 hr prior to AKIstage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 6.10 13.2 6.1010.7 6.10 9.83 Average 7.10 28.6 7.10 25.6 7.10 19.4 Stdev 4.95 46.34.95 42.0 4.95 37.3 p(t-test) 4.4E−13 1.0E−11 4.8E−7 Min 1.64 1.20 1.641.20 1.64 1.20 Max 56.2 225 56.2 189 56.2 189 n (Samp) 275 53 275 48 27533 n (Patient) 275 53 275 48 275 33 sCr only Median 6.69 11.8 6.69 10.56.69 10.2 Average 7.98 33.7 7.98 31.6 7.98 23.0 Stdev 5.31 56.0 5.3150.4 5.31 42.3 p(t-test) 1.6E−21 1.7E−21  3.4E−12 Min 1.64 1.20 1.641.20 1.64 1.20 Max 56.2 225 56.2 189 56.2 189 n (Samp) 518 34 518 31 51825 n (Patient) 518 34 518 31 518 25 UO only Median 6.07 16.6 6.07 13.96.07 10.3 Average 7.15 20.0 7.15 16.3 7.15 12.5 Stdev 5.03 16.1 5.0314.8 5.03 8.78 p(t-test) 1.1E−21 6.9E−13 6.2E−5 Min 1.62 3.76 1.62 3.761.62 1.20 Max 56.2 79.0 56.2 79.0 56.2 32.4 n (Samp) 331 31 331 29 33117 n (Patient) 331 31 331 29 331 17 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr priorto AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr orUO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.80 0.75 0.81 0.770.73 0.78 0.68 0.68 0.69 SE 0.038 0.049 0.048 0.042 0.052 0.052 0.0540.060 0.073 p  4.0E−15 3.1E−7  4.6E−11  1.4E−10 8.4E−6 1.1E−7 7.9E−40.0030 0.0083 nCohort 1 275 518 331 275 518 331 275 518 331 nCohort 2 5334 31 48 31 29 33 25 17 Cutoff 1 9.37 9.37 10.2 7.03 7.61 7.49 5.64 7.616.69 Sens 1 72% 71% 71% 71% 71% 72% 73% 72% 71% Spec 1 82% 73% 86% 63%58% 67% 42% 58% 60% Cutoff 2 6.69 6.73 7.71 6.24 6.42 5.84 5.45 5.645.45 Sens 2 81% 82% 81% 81% 81% 83% 82% 80% 82% Spec 2 60% 50% 69% 53%47% 46% 40% 35% 41% Cutoff 3 5.12 5.12 4.46 5.37 5.37 4.46 3.87 3.873.71 Sens 3 91% 91% 90% 92% 90% 93% 91% 92% 94% Spec 3 35% 27% 26% 39%31% 26% 17% 12% 14% Cutoff 4 7.87 8.83 7.82 7.87 8.83 7.82 7.87 8.837.82 Sens 4 74% 71% 77% 62% 68% 66% 58% 60% 59% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70%70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 9.06 10.7 9.15 9.06 10.7 9.15 9.06 10.79.15 Sens 5 72% 50% 77% 62% 48% 66% 52% 40% 53% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80%80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 11.4 12.7 11.4 11.4 12.7 11.4 11.4 12.711.4 Sens 6 55% 50% 65% 48% 45% 55% 39% 36% 47% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90%90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 0.79 1.3 0.99 2.4 2.6 1.0 1.0 1.3 0.66 pValue 0.73 0.70 0.99 0.21 0.27 1.0 1.0 0.71 0.65 95% CI of 0.20 0.290.19 0.60 0.49 0.20 0.28 0.29 0.11 OR Quart2 3.1 6.1 5.0 9.7 13 5.1 3.66.1 4.0 OR Quart 3 1.4 2.0 0.33 2.8 2.6 1.3 1.2 0.99 1.0 p Value 0.550.32 0.34 0.14 0.27 0.70 0.75 0.99 1.0 95% CI of 0.44 0.50 0.033 0.720.49 0.29 0.36 0.20 0.20 OR Quart3 4.7 8.3 3.2 11 13 6.2 4.2 5.0 5.1 ORQuart 4 13 8.1 10 15 11 7.8 4.1 5.5 3.2 p Value 7.1E−7 9.1E−4 2.2E−41.7E−5 0.0016 0.0014 0.0090 0.0085 0.087 95% CI of 4.6 2.3 3.0 4.4 2.52.2 1.4 1.5 0.84 OR Quart4 35 28 36 52 47 27 12 19 12 Weight AdjustedUrine Output 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hrprior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2sCr or UO Median 2.78 0.714 2.78 0.742 2.78 1.65 Average 3.61 2.07 3.612.14 3.61 2.84 Stdev 2.90 3.01 2.90 3.14 2.90 3.50 p(t-test) 4.8E−40.0015 0.16 Min 0.333 0.0476 0.333 0.0476 0.333 1.00E−5 Max 21.5 15.921.5 15.9 21.5 15.9 n (Samp) 273 53 273 48 273 33 n (Patient) 273 53 27348 273 33 sCr only Median 2.29 1.04 2.29 1.15 2.29 1.65 Average 3.052.59 3.05 2.66 3.05 3.03 Stdev 2.62 3.50 2.62 3.65 2.62 3.90 p(t-test)0.34 0.44 0.97 Min 0.168 0.0476 0.168 0.0366 0.168 1.00E−5 Max 21.5 15.921.5 15.9 21.5 15.9 n (Samp) 515 34 515 31 515 25 n (Patient) 515 34 51531 515 25 UO only Median 2.82 0.530 2.82 0.500 2.82 1.15 Average 3.671.27 3.67 1.31 3.67 2.06 Stdev 2.96 1.73 2.96 1.78 2.96 2.03 p(t-test)1.2E−5 3.0E−5 0.027 Min 0.333 0.0476 0.333 0.0476 0.333 0.143 Max 21.56.05 21.5 6.05 21.5 6.05 n (Samp) 331 31 331 29 331 17 n (Patient) 33131 331 29 331 17 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hrprior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO onlysCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.24 0.34 0.16 0.24 0.34 0.17 0.34 0.390.28 SE 0.040 0.052 0.045 0.042 0.055 0.047 0.054 0.061 0.072 p  5.5E−110.0027  2.3E−14 1.7E−9 0.0036  2.4E−12 0.0026 0.067 0.0025 nCohort 1 273515 331 273 515 331 273 515 331 nCohort 2 53 34 31 48 31 29 33 25 17Cutoff 1 0.500 0.609 0.275 0.463 0.541 0.235 0.542 0.547 0.532 Sens 172% 71% 71% 71% 71% 72% 73% 72% 71% Spec 1  0%  5%  0%  0%  3%  0%  1% 3%  1% Cutoff 2 0.333 0.532 0.235 0.244 0.524 0.112 0.521 0.541 0.442Sens 2 81% 82% 81% 81% 81% 83% 82% 80% 82% Spec 2  0%  3%  0%  0%  3% 0%  1%  3%  0% Cutoff 3 0.117 0.450 0.0625 0.107 0.450 0.0952 0.4420.460 0.143 Sens 3 91% 91% 90% 92% 90% 93% 91% 92% 94% Spec 3  0%  2% 0%  0%  2%  0%  0%  2%  0% Cutoff 4 4.00 3.50 4.00 4.00 3.50 4.00 4.003.50 4.00 Sens 4 17% 26% 10% 19% 29% 10% 24% 32% 18% Spec 4 72% 70% 71%72% 70% 71% 72% 70% 71% Cutoff 5 5.20 4.28 5.30 5.20 4.28 5.30 5.20 4.285.30 Sens 5 13% 24% 10% 15% 26% 10% 18% 28% 18% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80%80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 7.06 6.20 7.18 7.06 6.20 7.18 7.06 6.207.18 Sens 6  4%  6%  0%  4%  6%  0%  6%  8%  0% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90%90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 0.53 0.36 1.0 0.42 0.12 1.0 0.61 0.270.66 p Value 0.28 0.14 0.99 0.17 0.047 1.0 0.40 0.11 0.65 95% CI of 0.170.094 0.20 0.12 0.015 0.20 0.19 0.056 0.11 OR Quart2 1.7 1.4 5.1 1.40.97 5.1 1.9 1.3 4.0 OR Quart 3 0.42 0.49 0.33 0.42 0.61 0.33 0.35 0.560.66 p Value 0.16 0.25 0.34 0.17 0.40 0.34 0.13 0.36 0.65 95% CI of 0.120.14 0.033 0.12 0.19 0.033 0.089 0.16 0.11 OR Quart3 1.4 1.7 3.2 1.4 1.93.2 1.4 2.0 4.0 OR Quart 4 6.2 2.6 11 5.1 2.3 9.4 2.5 1.8 3.6 p Value1.4E−5 0.029 1.9E−4 1.2E−4 0.062 4.3E−4 0.050 0.24 0.057 95% CI of 2.71.1 3.1 2.2 0.96 2.7 1.0 0.68 0.96 OR Quart4 14 6.2 37 12 5.5 33 6.2 4.714 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7/(Weight Adjusted UrineOutput) 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior toAKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr orUO Median 224 889 224 713 224 425 Average 273000 5260000 273000 3380000273000 1380000 Stdev 1470000 1.52E7 1470000 1.29E7 1470000 6740000p(t-test) 2.0E−7 1.3E−4 0.022 Min 13.9 7.84 13.9 7.84 13.9 7.84 Max1.26E7 6.00E7 1.26E7 5.86E7 1.26E7 3.83E7 n (Samp) 273 53 273 48 273 33n (Patient) 273 53 273 48 273 33 sCr only Median 317 477 317 477 317 400Average 516000 4770000 516000 2390000 516000 2970000 Stdev 23700001.34E7 2370000 8500000 2370000 9410000 p(t-test) 4.2E−9 9.3E−4 1.0E−4Min 13.9 80.5 13.9 103 13.9 66.2 Max 2.49E7 6.00E7 2.49E7 3.83E7 2.49E73.83E7 n (Samp) 515 34 515 31 515 25 n (Patient) 515 34 515 31 515 25 UOonly Median 224 3430 224 1860 224 972 Average 304000 7390000 3040005940000 304000 2670000 Stdev 1520000 1.67E7 1520000 1.63E7 15200009340000 p(t-test) 5.0E−13 2.8E−9 1.6E−4 Min 14.1 7.84 14.1 7.84 14.17.84 Max 1.26E7 5.86E7 1.26E7 5.86E7 1.26E7 3.83E7 n (Samp) 331 31 33129 331 17 n (Patient) 331 31 331 29 331 17 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hrprior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO onlysCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.79 0.64 0.880.78 0.65 0.86 0.69 0.58 0.75 SE 0.039 0.053 0.041 0.041 0.055 0.0450.053 0.061 0.070 p  1.5E−13 0.0062 0  2.7E−12 0.0047  1.3E−15 4.5E−40.20 3.3E−4 nCohort 1 273 515 331 273 515 331 273 515 331 nCohort 2 5334 31 48 31 29 33 25 17 Cutoff 1 388 357 1580 398 365 834 270 271 451Sens 1 72% 71% 71% 71% 71% 72% 73% 72% 71% Spec 1 77% 55% 95% 78% 57%91% 62% 43% 80% Cutoff 2 344 208 917 282 271 487 155 181 208 Sens 2 81%82% 81% 81% 81% 83% 82% 80% 82% Spec 2 73% 32% 92% 64% 43% 82% 34% 26%47% Cutoff 3 142 142 434 150 155 208 107 142 109 Sens 3 91% 91% 90% 92%90% 93% 91% 92% 94% Spec 3 31% 19% 80% 33% 21% 47% 19% 19% 18% Cutoff 4326 558 315 326 558 315 326 558 315 Sens 4 81% 47% 90% 79% 48% 90% 64%36% 71% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 426 859 445426 859 445 426 859 445 Sens 5 68% 38% 87% 67% 39% 86% 48% 28% 71% Spec5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 791 1810 806 791 1810 806791 1810 806 Sens 6 51% 24% 81% 46% 26% 72% 30% 16% 53% Spec 6 90% 90%90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 0.78 0.32 0.49 1.7 0.99 0.49 1.20.79 1.0 p Value 0.72 0.17 0.56 0.47 0.99 0.57 0.75 0.74 1.0 95% CI of0.20 0.064 0.044 0.39 0.24 0.044 0.32 0.21 0.14 OR Quart2 3.0 1.6 5.57.4 4.1 5.6 4.8 3.0 7.3 OR Quart 3 2.6 1.9 0.49 3.7 2.3 0.49 1.5 1.40.49 p Value 0.081 0.22 0.57 0.056 0.17 0.57 0.52 0.56 0.57 95% CI of0.89 0.68 0.044 0.97 0.70 0.044 0.42 0.44 0.044 OR Quart3 7.9 5.3 5.6 147.8 5.6 5.7 4.6 5.6 OR Quart 4 9.7 2.7 19 15 3.8 17 5.5 1.9 6.8 p Value9.7E−6 0.050 1.0E−4 1.7E−5 0.023 1.7E−4 0.0033 0.28 0.014 95% CI of 3.61.0 4.3 4.4 1.2 3.9 1.8 0.61 1.5 OR Quart4 27 7.1 81 52 12 74 17 5.7 31Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2/(Weight Adjusted Urine Output) 0 hr priorto AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 10.3 43.910.3 37.1 10.3 22.0 Average 14600 696000 14600 242000 14600 146000 Stdev77500 2570000 77500 957000 77500 619000 p(t-test) 1.5E−5 1.3E−4 9.9E−4Min 0.485 0.396 0.485 0.396 0.485 0.396 Max 579000 1.71E7 579000 5610000579000 3240000 n (Samp) 273 53 273 48 273 33 n (Patient) 273 53 273 48273 33 sCr only Median 14.7 26.1 14.7 25.4 14.7 21.5 Average 25900789000 25900 242000 25900 299000 Stdev 118000 3000000 118000 782000118000 863000 p(t-test) 1.2E−8 1.1E−7 1.2E−9 Min 0.485 1.45 0.485 1.450.485 1.45 Max 1210000 1.71E7 1210000 3240000 1210000 3240000 n (Samp)515 34 515 31 515 25 n (Patient) 515 34 515 31 515 25 UO only Median10.1 204 10.1 122 10.1 35.9 Average 15700 650000 15700 414000 15700283000 Stdev 77700 1450000 77700 1210000 77700 851000 p(t-test) 2.7E−147.1E−9 1.1E−7 Min 0.846 0.396 0.846 0.396 0.846 0.396 Max 579000 5610000579000 5610000 579000 3240000 n (Samp) 331 31 331 29 331 17 n (Patient)331 31 331 29 331 17 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UOonly sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.79 0.66 0.86 0.77 0.66 0.84 0.690.58 0.77 SE 0.039 0.052 0.043 0.041 0.055 0.046 0.053 0.061 0.068 p 5.7E−14 0.0021 0  3.8E−11 0.0045  1.5E−13 3.5E−4 0.18 6.4E−5 nCohort 1273 515 331 273 515 331 273 515 331 nCohort 2 53 34 31 48 31 29 33 25 17Cutoff 1 19.5 18.5 95.7 19.5 18.5 33.1 11.3 11.3 19.3 Sens 1 72% 71% 71%71% 71% 72% 73% 72% 71% Spec 1 81% 60% 95% 81% 60% 89% 56% 37% 80%Cutoff 2 11.5 11.3 48.2 11.3 11.3 22.9 6.22 8.38 16.5 Sens 2 81% 82% 81%81% 81% 83% 82% 80% 82% Spec 2 57% 37% 93% 56% 37% 83% 30% 26% 74%Cutoff 3 6.00 5.99 9.98 5.99 5.99 6.54 5.18 5.18 6.22 Sens 3 91% 91% 90%92% 90% 93% 91% 92% 94% Spec 3 27% 17% 49% 27% 17% 31% 23% 14% 30%Cutoff 4 15.0 25.7 15.0 15.0 25.7 15.0 15.0 25.7 15.0 Sens 4 79% 50% 87%75% 48% 86% 67% 40% 82% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70%Cutoff 5 19.1 38.7 19.3 19.1 38.7 19.3 19.1 38.7 19.3 Sens 5 72% 38% 84%71% 42% 83% 58% 32% 71% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80%Cutoff 6 33.8 88.5 37.9 33.8 88.5 37.9 33.8 88.5 37.9 Sens 6 58% 29% 81%52% 32% 66% 36% 20% 41% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% ORQuart 2 0.64 0.49 3.0 0.79 0.79 3.1 1.2 0.79 2.0 p Value 0.50 0.32 0.340.73 0.73 0.34 0.75 0.74 0.57 95% CI of 0.17 0.12 0.31 0.20 0.21 0.310.32 0.21 0.18 OR Quart2 2.4 2.0 30 3.1 3.0 30 4.8 3.0 23 OR Quart 3 1.21.5 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.4 2.0 p Value 0.77 0.43 1.0 0.76 0.56 1.0 1.00.56 0.57 95% CI of 0.38 0.53 0.062 0.36 0.44 0.062 0.24 0.44 0.18 ORQuart3 3.7 4.4 16 4.2 4.6 16 4.2 4.6 23 OR Quart 4 9.8 2.9 36 10 3.2 326.3 1.9 14 p Value 1.9E−6 0.034 5.4E−4 5.7E−6 0.028 7.7E−4 0.0014 0.280.013 95% CI of 3.8 1.1 4.7 3.8 1.1 4.3 2.0 0.61 1.7 OR Quart4 25 7.6270 28 9.1 250 20 5.7 110 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 XSerum Creatinine 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hrprior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2sCr or UO Median 94.2 423 94.2 338 94.2 263 Average 123 510 123 435 123269 Stdev 104 402 104 374 104 159 p(t-test) 1.7E−34 3.6E−26  6.4E−12 Min7.34 66.8 7.34 64.2 7.34 33.7 Max 765 1820 765 1820 765 687 n (Samp) 27453 274 48 274 33 n (Patient) 274 53 274 48 274 33 sCr only Median 115420 115 341 115 285 Average 150 490 150 419 150 314 Stdev 126 340 126270 126 207 p(t-test) 5.4E−34 5.6E−24 1.6E−9 Min 7.34 66.8 7.34 66.87.34 66.8 Max 973 1420 973 1100 973 950 n (Samp) 517 34 517 31 517 25 n(Patient) 517 34 517 31 517 25 UO only Median 99.8 446 99.8 386 99.8 247Average 133 628 133 483 133 259 Stdev 115 576 115 442 115 171 p(t-test)9.0E−33 4.5E−24 2.3E−5 Min 7.34 97.4 7.34 64.2 7.34 33.7 Max 869 2490869 1820 869 687 n (Samp) 330 31 330 29 330 17 n (Patient) 330 31 330 29330 17 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior toAKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr orUO sCr only UO only AUC 0.89 0.87 0.90 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.81 0.80 0.77 SE0.030 0.040 0.038 0.033 0.042 0.045 0.047 0.054 0.068 p 0 0 0 0 01.1E−15 4.8E−11 4.1E−8 6.9E−5 nCohort 1 274 517 330 274 517 330 274 517330 nCohort 2 53 34 31 48 31 29 33 25 17 Cutoff 1 246 271 249 231 271209 152 173 152 Sens 1 72% 71% 71% 71% 71% 72% 73% 72% 71% Spec 1 93%90% 91% 91% 90% 86% 78% 74% 74% Cutoff 2 158 209 209 158 209 139 114 153114 Sens 2 81% 82% 81% 81% 81% 83% 82% 80% 82% Spec 2 80% 82% 86% 80%82% 70% 62% 65% 58% Cutoff 3 114 119 114 104 158 104 100 112 79.5 Sens 391% 91% 90% 92% 90% 93% 91% 92% 94% Spec 3 62% 52% 58% 58% 68% 54% 56%48% 37% Cutoff 4 131 163 138 131 163 138 131 163 138 Sens 4 85% 85% 87%85% 84% 83% 73% 72% 71% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70%Cutoff 5 159 202 181 159 202 181 159 202 181 Sens 5 79% 82% 81% 79% 81%76% 67% 64% 65% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 224282 237 224 282 237 224 282 237 Sens 6 74% 68% 74% 71% 68% 66% 58% 52%53% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 4.1 3.0 >2.00.99 2.0 0.99 2.0 2.0 0.99 p Value 0.21 0.34 <0.56 0.99 0.57 0.99 0.570.57 0.99 95% CI of 0.45 0.31 >0.18 0.14 0.18 0.061 0.18 0.18 0.061 ORQuart2 38 29 na 7.2 22 16 23 22 16 OR Quart 3 7.5 2.0 >4.2 3.7 2.0 5.28.7 6.2 4.1 p Value 0.063 0.57 <0.20 0.11 0.57 0.14 0.044 0.092 0.21 95%CI of 0.90 0.18 >0.46 0.75 0.18 0.59 1.1 0.74 0.45 OR Quart3 62 22 na 1922 45 71 52 37 OR Quart 4 80 35 >34 33 32 28 30 18 12 p Value 2.1E−55.5E−4 <6.3E−4 3.3E−6 7.5E−4 0.0012 0.0010 0.0055 0.018 95% CI of 114.6 >4.5 7.5 4.3 3.7 3.9 2.3 1.6 OR Quart4 600 260 na 140 240 220 230140 98 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 X Serum Creatinine 0 hr prior toAKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 4.47 21.24.47 19.9 4.47 12.0 Average 5.78 51.0 5.78 40.8 5.78 26.2 Stdev 5.5988.2 5.59 70.1 5.59 49.9 p(t-test) 9.8E−16 6.7E−15  3.0E−10 Min 0.3332.57 0.333 2.57 0.333 1.70 Max 51.2 549 51.2 374 51.2 236 n (Samp) 27453 274 48 274 33 n (Patient) 274 53 274 48 274 33 sCr only Median 5.2221.0 5.22 19.0 5.22 12.1 Average 7.32 62.4 7.32 52.7 7.32 33.4 Stdev7.61 108 7.61 85.2 7.61 57.5 p(t-test) 5.4E−27 1.2E−27  5.4E−18 Min0.333 2.57 0.333 2.57 0.333 2.57 Max 69.5 549 69.5 374 69.5 236 n (Samp)517 34 517 31 517 25 n (Patient) 517 34 517 31 517 25 UO only Median4.63 24.7 4.63 20.8 4.63 12.7 Average 6.11 36.4 6.11 24.3 6.11 15.7Stdev 5.99 28.6 5.99 17.3 5.99 13.6 p(t-test) 7.3E−44 5.3E−30 1.0E−8 Min0.333 2.74 0.333 2.74 0.333 1.70 Max 51.2 94.4 51.2 69.5 51.2 55.1 n(Samp) 330 31 330 29 330 17 n (Patient) 330 31 330 29 330 17 0 hr priorto AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UOsCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO onlyAUC 0.88 0.86 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.87 0.79 0.79 0.78 SE 0.031 0.041 0.0380.034 0.044 0.043 0.048 0.055 0.068 p 0 0 0 0 1.8E−15 0 2.8E−9 2.2E−74.8E−5 nCohort 1 274 517 330 274 517 330 274 517 330 nCohort 2 53 34 3148 31 29 33 25 17 Cutoff 1 9.84 12.1 14.3 9.77 9.80 12.6 6.38 7.11 7.47Sens 1 72% 71% 71% 71% 71% 72% 73% 72% 71% Spec 1 92% 90% 94% 92% 85%94% 73% 68% 80% Cutoff 2 7.73 8.45 7.87 7.68 8.45 7.87 4.91 6.38 5.21Sens 2 81% 82% 81% 81% 81% 83% 82% 80% 82% Spec 2 82% 76% 82% 82% 76%82% 58% 61% 59% Cutoff 3 5.14 5.14 6.02 3.79 5.74 3.63 3.63 4.61 2.70Sens 3 91% 91% 90% 92% 90% 93% 91% 92% 94% Spec 3 62% 49% 66% 41% 55%35% 38% 42% 19% Cutoff 4 6.07 7.47 6.38 6.07 7.47 6.38 6.07 7.47 6.38Sens 4 85% 85% 87% 83% 84% 86% 76% 68% 76% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70%70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 7.26 9.01 7.47 7.26 9.01 7.47 7.26 9.01 7.47Sens 5 83% 79% 87% 81% 74% 86% 64% 64% 71% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80%80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 9.13 12.9 10.2 9.13 12.9 10.2 9.13 12.9 10.2Sens 6 75% 68% 74% 73% 65% 76% 58% 48% 53% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 1.5 3.0 1.0 0.65 2.0 0.49 0.99 3.0 0.49 pValue 0.66 0.34 1.0 0.64 0.57 0.56 0.99 0.34 0.56 95% CI of 0.24 0.310.062 0.11 0.18 0.044 0.19 0.31 0.043 OR Quart2 9.2 29 16 4.0 22 5.5 5.029 5.5 OR Quart 3 4.3 3.0 2.0 2.1 4.1 0.49 2.1 5.2 0.49 p Value 0.0720.34 0.57 0.31 0.21 0.56 0.32 0.14 0.56 95% CI of 0.88 0.31 0.18 0.500.45 0.044 0.50 0.59 0.043 OR Quart3 21 29 23 8.6 37 5.5 8.5 45 5.5 ORQuart 4 38 33 38 22 29 17 9.1 18 7.4 p Value 1.3E−6 6.5E−4 4.4E−4 1.1E−60.0011 1.8E−4 5.8E−4 0.0055 0.010 95% CI of 8.7 4.4 5.0 6.3 3.8 3.8 2.62.3 1.6 OR Quart4 160 250 280 74 220 73 32 140 34 Insulin-like growthfactor-binding protein 7 X Serum Creatinine/(Weight Adjusted UrineOutput) 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior toAKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr orUO Median 161 1380 161 1290 161 529 Average 198000 9150000 1980005210000 198000 1300000 Stdev 1090000 3.05E7 1090000 2.45E7 10900005730000 p(t-test) 1.9E−6 8.1E−4 0.0051 Min 7.05 11.1 7.05 11.1 7.05 11.1Max 1.01E7 1.63E8 1.01E7 1.63E8 1.01E7 3.10E7 n (Samp) 272 53 272 48 27233 n (Patient) 272 53 272 48 272 33 sCr only Median 247 1030 247 921 247529 Average 382000 8170000 382000 4450000 382000 5520000 Stdev 17000002.59E7 1700000 1.78E7 1700000 1.98E7 p(t-test) 5.8E−11 1.3E−6 3.8E−8 Min7.05 62.4 7.05 62.4 7.05 62.4 Max 1.52E7 1.18E8 1.52E7 9.50E7 1.52E79.50E7 n (Samp) 514 34 514 31 514 25 n (Patient) 514 34 514 31 514 25 UOonly Median 170 4190 170 3360 170 800 Average 252000 1.64E7 2520001.02E7 252000 2530000 Stdev 1290000 3.92E7 1290000 3.19E7 12900007900000 p(t-test) 4.2E−13 3.0E−8 2.0E−5 Min 7.05 11.1 7.05 11.1 7.0511.1 Max 1.05E7 1.63E8 1.05E7 1.63E8 1.05E7 3.10E7 n (Samp) 330 31 33029 330 17 n (Patient) 330 31 330 29 330 17 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hrprior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO onlysCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.85 0.76 0.890.84 0.76 0.87 0.76 0.68 0.79 SE 0.034 0.049 0.039 0.037 0.051 0.0440.050 0.060 0.066 P 0 1.9E−7 0 0 6.4E−7 0 3.0E−7 0.0031 1.3E−5 nCohort 1272 514 330 272 514 330 272 514 330 nCohort 2 53 34 31 48 31 29 33 25 17Cutoff 1 581 522 1650 484 484 1380 290 319 427 Sens 1 72% 71% 71% 71%71% 72% 73% 72% 71% Spec 1 90% 74% 94% 87% 72% 93% 75% 58% 83% Cutoff 2408 347 1450 346 364 427 242 290 243 Sens 2 81% 82% 81% 81% 81% 83% 82%80% 82% Spec 2 83% 61% 94% 80% 62% 83% 68% 56% 66% Cutoff 3 113 113 427102 319 242 102 102 72.3 Sens 3 91% 91% 90% 92% 90% 93% 91% 92% 94% Spec3 37% 23% 83% 32% 58% 66% 32% 19% 19% Cutoff 4 253 447 265 253 447 265253 447 265 Sens 4 85% 74% 90% 85% 71% 86% 76% 56% 76% Spec 4 70% 70%70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 351 805 380 351 805 380 351 805 380Sens 5 81% 56% 90% 79% 52% 83% 61% 40% 71% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80%80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 646 1840 744 646 1840 744 646 1840 744 Sens 668% 29% 87% 58% 29% 79% 39% 16% 53% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%90% 90% OR Quart 2 1.0 0.24 0 0.66 0 0 1.0 0 0 p Value 1.0 0.21 na 0.65na na 1.0 na na 95% CI of 0.20 0.027 na 0.11 na na 0.20 na na OR Quart25.1 2.2 na 4.0 na na 5.1 na na OR Quart 3 2.1 2.3 0.49 2.9 4.3 1.5 2.12.6 1.5 p Value 0.31 0.17 0.57 0.13 0.027 0.66 0.31 0.11 0.66 95% CI of0.50 0.70 0.044 0.73 1.2 0.24 0.50 0.79 0.24 OR Quart3 8.6 7.8 5.6 11 169.2 8.7 8.5 9.2 OR Quart 4 26 5.7 20 20 5.9 16 9.1 2.9 6.7 p Value2.2E−7 0.0020 7.4E−5 2.0E−6 0.0058 2.5E−4 5.8E−4 0.076 0.015 95% CI of7.6 1.9 4.5 5.8 1.7 3.6 2.6 0.89 1.5 OR Quart4 89 17 85 69 21 69 32 9.331 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 X Serum Creatinine/(Weight AdjustedUrine Output) 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hrprior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2sCr or UO Median 7.23 65.3 7.23 59.2 7.23 23.8 Average 10700 79800010700 300000 10700 205000 Stdev 59400 2270000 59400 1100000 59400 977000p(t-test) 2.1E−8 2.0E−5 0.0012 Min 0.348 0.563 0.348 0.563 0.348 0.563Max 548000 9440000 548000 5510000 548000 5510000 n (Samp) 272 53 272 48272 33 n (Patient) 272 53 272 48 272 33 sCr only Median 11.5 54.2 11.546.7 11.5 23.8 Average 19700 923000 19700 504000 19700 625000 Stdev89100 2530000 89100 1850000 89100 2050000 p(t-test) 2.6E−15 5.8E−95.3E−11 Min 0.348 2.40 0.348 2.40 0.348 2.40 Max 748000 9440000 7480008840000 748000 8840000 n (Samp) 514 34 514 31 514 25 n (Patient) 514 34514 31 514 25 UO only Median 7.38 332 7.38 196 7.38 53.5 Average 128001210000 12800 554000 12800 399000 Stdev 65500 2700000 65500 140000065500 1350000 p(t-test) 5.5E−15 1.2E−11 3.3E−7 Min 0.348 0.563 0.3480.563 0.348 0.563 Max 548000 9440000 548000 5510000 548000 5510000 n(Samp) 330 31 330 29 330 17 n (Patient) 330 31 330 29 330 17 0 hr priorto AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UOsCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO onlyAUC 0.84 0.75 0.89 0.82 0.74 0.87 0.74 0.66 0.79 SE 0.035 0.049 0.0390.038 0.052 0.044 0.051 0.061 0.066 p 0 4.1E−7 0 0 6.0E−6 0 3.0E−60.0093 1.1E−5 nCohort 1 272 514 330 272 514 330 272 514 330 nCohort 2 5334 31 48 31 29 33 25 17 Cutoff 1 38.6 24.3 67.5 16.7 16.7 47.4 9.84 11.317.2 Sens 1 72% 71% 71% 71% 71% 72% 73% 72% 71% Spec 1 93% 74% 94% 82%64% 94% 65% 49% 80% Cutoff 2 16.2 13.5 47.4 10.7 13.5 16.0 5.68 8.209.84 Sens 2 81% 82% 81% 81% 81% 83% 82% 80% 82% Spec 2 82% 55% 94% 68%55% 79% 39% 39% 63% Cutoff 3 5.68 5.74 13.4 5.68 6.10 8.39 4.28 4.394.27 Sens 3 91% 91% 90% 92% 90% 93% 91% 92% 94% Spec 3 39% 24% 73% 39%26% 56% 31% 19% 29% Cutoff 4 11.8 20.6 12.3 11.8 20.6 12.3 11.8 20.612.3 Sens 4 83% 71% 90% 79% 65% 86% 64% 52% 76% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70%70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 15.6 34.7 17.2 15.6 34.7 17.2 15.6 34.717.2 Sens 5 81% 68% 87% 75% 61% 79% 61% 48% 71% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80%80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 28.4 81.8 34.1 28.4 81.8 34.1 28.4 81.834.1 Sens 6 74% 38% 87% 67% 39% 79% 48% 24% 59% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90%90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 2.6 0.49 1.0 2.1 1.0 0.99 2.6 0.59 0.99 pValue 0.26 0.42 1.0 0.41 1.0 0.99 0.26 0.47 0.99 95% CI of 0.49 0.0890.062 0.37 0.20 0.061 0.49 0.14 0.061 OR Quart2 14 2.7 16 12 5.0 16 142.5 16 OR Quart 3 3.2 1.3 2.0 4.9 1.7 4.1 2.6 0.99 3.0 p Value 0.17 0.740.57 0.045 0.48 0.21 0.26 0.99 0.34 95% CI of 0.62 0.33 0.18 1.0 0.400.45 0.49 0.28 0.31 OR Quart3 16 4.8 23 24 7.2 37 14 3.5 30 OR Quart 438 6.7 38 27 7.6 30 14 2.5 14 p Value 1.3E−6 6.3E−4 4.4E−4 1.1E−5 0.00149.8E−4 5.5E−4 0.091 0.013 95% CI of 8.7 2.3 5.0 6.3 2.2 4.0 3.1 0.86 1.7OR Quart4 160 20 280 120 26 230 62 7.4 110 Insulin-like growthfactor-binding protein 7 X Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 0 hr prior toAKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 0.729 2.710.729 1.90 0.729 1.69 Average 1.13 9.16 1.13 7.13 1.13 3.92 Stdev 1.3418.6 1.34 13.2 1.34 6.57 p(t-test) 7.7E−12 1.2E−12 3.0E−9 Min 0.06430.142 0.0643 0.142 0.0643 0.0285 Max 13.2 103 13.2 70.5 13.2 31.2 n(Samp) 275 53 275 48 275 33 n (Patient) 275 53 275 48 275 33 sCr onlyMedian 0.939 2.12 0.939 1.93 0.939 1.79 Average 1.45 10.2 1.45 7.97 1.454.51 Stdev 1.68 21.9 1.68 14.4 1.68 7.32 p(t-test) 1.4E−17 1.1E−19 7.2E−11 Min 0.0643 0.142 0.0643 0.142 0.0643 0.142 Max 16.4 103 16.470.5 16.4 31.2 n (Samp) 518 34 518 31 518 25 n (Patient) 518 34 518 31518 25 UO only Median 0.756 4.83 0.756 1.92 0.756 1.92 Average 1.17 6.831.17 5.46 1.17 3.09 Stdev 1.37 8.91 1.37 8.82 1.37 3.04 p(t-test)1.7E−22 3.1E−14 3.6E−7 Min 0.0643 0.355 0.0643 0.355 0.0643 0.0285 Max13.2 47.0 13.2 47.0 13.2 9.63 n (Samp) 331 31 331 29 331 17 n (Patient)331 31 331 29 331 17 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UOonly sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.82 0.76 0.83 0.80 0.75 0.79 0.720.69 0.72 SE 0.037 0.049 0.046 0.040 0.052 0.051 0.052 0.060 0.071 p 01.5E−7  1.4E−12  1.6E−13 1.8E−6 1.8E−8 4.0E−5 0.0014 0.0019 nCohort 1275 518 331 275 518 331 275 518 331 nCohort 2 53 34 31 48 31 29 33 25 17Cutoff 1 1.66 1.55 1.87 1.40 1.53 1.28 1.01 1.12 1.04 Sens 1 72% 71% 71%71% 71% 72% 73% 72% 71% Spec 1 81% 69% 85% 74% 69% 71% 63% 57% 62%Cutoff 2 1.04 1.03 1.40 1.04 1.31 1.04 0.721 1.02 0.875 Sens 2 81% 82%81% 81% 81% 83% 82% 80% 82% Spec 2 64% 54% 74% 64% 62% 62% 50% 54% 56%Cutoff 3 0.710 0.710 0.504 0.681 0.710 0.448 0.358 0.362 0.448 Sens 391% 91% 90% 92% 90% 93% 91% 92% 94% Spec 3 49% 38% 31% 47% 38% 25% 19%14% 25% Cutoff 4 1.28 1.59 1.28 1.28 1.59 1.28 1.28 1.59 1.28 Sens 4 77%68% 81% 75% 65% 72% 61% 56% 59% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70%70% Cutoff 5 1.61 2.11 1.66 1.61 2.11 1.66 1.61 2.11 1.66 Sens 5 72% 50%74% 62% 45% 62% 52% 40% 53% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80%Cutoff 6 2.19 2.99 2.36 2.19 2.99 2.36 2.19 2.99 2.36 Sens 6 55% 44% 58%44% 39% 45% 36% 32% 41% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% ORQuart 2 1.0 1.0 0.32 1.3 1.5 0.33 0.74 0.66 0.49 p Value 1.0 1.0 0.330.71 0.65 0.34 0.70 0.65 0.57 95% CI of 0.24 0.20 0.033 0.29 0.25 0.0330.16 0.11 0.044 OR Quart2 4.1 5.0 3.2 6.2 9.2 3.2 3.4 4.0 5.6 OR Quart 32.7 2.4 1.3 4.5 5.3 2.4 2.4 2.8 2.6 p Value 0.10 0.21 0.70 0.025 0.0330.21 0.16 0.14 0.26 95% CI of 0.81 0.61 0.29 1.2 1.1 0.61 0.71 0.71 0.49OR Quart3 9.0 9.5 6.2 16 25 9.8 8.2 11 14 OR Quart 4 15 8.1 9.8 14 8.97.2 5.2 4.3 4.9 p Value 1.7E−6 9.1E−4 3.2E−4 2.6E−5 0.0041 0.0021 0.00480.028 0.046 95% CI of 4.9 2.3 2.8 4.1 2.0 2.1 1.7 1.2 1.0 OR Quart4 4328 34 49 39 26 16 15 23 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 XMetalloproteinase inhibitor 2 X Serum Creatinine 0 hr prior to AKI stage24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 0.566 5.62 0.5663.65 0.566 2.08 Average 0.921 15.8 0.921 11.1 0.921 4.97 Stdev 1.34 34.11.34 21.3 1.34 8.84 p(t-test) 2.9E−12 5.6E−14  1.4E−11 Min 0.0244 0.3630.0244 0.355 0.0244 0.0404 Max 14.6 197 14.6 128 14.6 43.1 n (Samp) 27453 274 48 274 33 n (Patient) 274 53 274 48 274 33 sCr only Median 0.7433.69 0.743 3.51 0.743 2.33 Average 1.37 18.8 1.37 13.3 1.37 6.50 Stdev2.30 41.8 2.30 25.6 2.30 10.7 p(t-test) 1.5E−19 4.8E−22  1.7E−14 Min0.0244 0.363 0.0244 0.429 0.0244 0.374 Max 31.2 197 31.2 128 31.2 43.1 n(Samp) 517 34 517 31 517 25 n (Patient) 517 34 517 31 517 25 UO onlyMedian 0.588 5.68 0.588 4.59 0.588 2.09 Average 1.02 12.2 1.02 7.59 1.023.41 Stdev 1.52 13.3 1.52 8.54 1.52 3.08 p(t-test) 6.6E−38 1.4E−287.2E−9 Min 0.0244 0.438 0.0244 0.355 0.0244 0.0404 Max 14.6 53.4 14.631.2 14.6 10.6 n (Samp) 330 31 330 29 330 17 n (Patient) 330 31 330 29330 17 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior toAKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr orUO sCr only UO only AUC 0.88 0.85 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.87 0.80 0.78 0.79 SE0.031 0.042 0.039 0.034 0.044 0.043 0.048 0.056 0.066 p 0 2.2E−16 0 02.2E−15 0 6.4E−10 6.5E−7 1.0E−5 nCohort 1 274 517 330 274 517 330 274517 330 nCohort 2 53 34 31 48 31 29 33 25 17 Cutoff 1 1.94 2.20 2.201.87 2.06 1.68 0.923 1.44 1.14 Sens 1 72% 71% 71% 71% 71% 72% 73% 72%71% Spec 1 91% 86% 90% 90% 85% 87% 74% 74% 78% Cutoff 2 1.43 1.48 1.431.21 1.48 0.926 0.648 0.923 0.703 Sens 2 81% 82% 81% 81% 81% 83% 82% 80%82% Spec 2 84% 75% 82% 82% 75% 71% 57% 61% 58% Cutoff 3 0.516 0.5210.700 0.516 0.926 0.621 0.435 0.474 0.435 Sens 3 91% 91% 90% 92% 90% 93%91% 92% 94% Spec 3 48% 38% 58% 48% 61% 53% 42% 35% 39% Cutoff 4 0.8431.21 0.923 0.843 1.21 0.923 0.843 1.21 0.923 Sens 4 85% 85% 87% 83% 87%83% 73% 76% 76% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 1.141.65 1.27 1.14 1.65 1.27 1.14 1.65 1.27 Sens 5 81% 76% 81% 81% 77% 79%70% 60% 65% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 1.873.04 2.20 1.87 3.04 2.20 1.87 3.04 2.20 Sens 6 75% 56% 71% 71% 52% 66%55% 40% 47% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 >7.63.0 >3.1 >6.4 >3.1 >3.1 5.2 >5.2 0.99 p Value <0.061 0.34 <0.33 <0.089<0.33 <0.34 0.14 <0.14 0.99 95% CI of >0.91 0.31 >0.32 >0.75 >0.32 >0.310.59 >0.59 0.061 OR Quart2 na 29 na na na na 46 na 16 OR Quart 3 >5.34.1 >3.1 >4.2 >4.1 >3.1 4.1 >3.1 3.0 p Value <0.13 0.21 <0.33 <0.20<0.21 <0.34 0.21 <0.33 0.34 95% CI of >0.60 0.45 >0.32 >0.46 >0.45 >0.310.45 >0.32 0.31 OR Quart3 na 37 na na na na 38 na 30 OR Quart 4 >8132 >34 >71 >29 >31 32 >19 14 p Value <2.0E−5 7.8E−4  <6.3E−4 <3.6E−5<0.0010 <9.5E−4 8.4E−4  <0.0043 0.013 95% CI of >114.2 >4.5 >9.4 >3.9 >4.0 4.2 >2.5 1.7 OR Quart4 na 240 na na na na 240 na110 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 X Metalloproteinaseinhibitor 2/(Weight Adjusted Urine Output) 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hrprior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 1.13 9.98 1.13 6.38 1.133.64 Average 1160 328000 1160 100000 1160 25100 Stdev 7110 1480000 7110489000 7110 110000 p(t-test) 2.9E−4 8.3E−4 4.3E−4 Min 0.0169 0.009410.0169 0.00941 0.0169 0.00941 Max 73000 1.03E7 73000 3290000 73000600000 n (Samp) 273 53 273 48 273 33 n (Patient) 273 53 273 48 273 33sCr only Median 1.75 4.92 1.75 4.97 1.75 3.64 Average 2840 367000 284051600 2840 64000 Stdev 17400 1760000 17400 176000 17400 194000 p(t-test)2.5E−6 5.8E−9  4.6E−11 Min 0.0169 0.172 0.0169 0.172 0.0169 0.172 Max247000 1.03E7 247000 772000 247000 772000 n (Samp) 515 34 515 31 515 25n (Patient) 515 34 515 31 515 25 UO only Median 1.13 60.1 1.13 26.8 1.135.70 Average 1200 231000 1200 167000 1200 48700 Stdev 6910 661000 6910624000 6910 152000 p(t-test) 4.9E−10 1.4E−6 2.4E−8 Min 0.0169 0.009410.0169 0.00941 0.0169 0.00941 Max 73000 3290000 73000 3290000 73000600000 n (Samp) 331 31 331 29 331 17 n (Patient) 331 31 331 29 331 17 0hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stagesCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr onlyUO only AUC 0.81 0.70 0.88 0.80 0.70 0.86 0.71 0.62 0.78 SE 0.037 0.0520.041 0.040 0.054 0.045 0.053 0.061 0.068 p 0 1.5E−4 0  6.5E−14 2.9E−4 1.3E−15 5.7E−5 0.044 4.3E−5 nCohort 1 273 515 331 273 515 331 273 515331 nCohort 2 53 34 31 48 31 29 33 25 17 Cutoff 1 3.62 3.55 16.1 3.553.55 5.84 1.82 1.84 2.96 Sens 1 72% 71% 71% 71% 71% 72% 73% 72% 71% Spec1 82% 67% 95% 82% 67% 89% 68% 52% 77% Cutoff 2 1.94 1.48 5.84 2.47 1.483.45 0.829 0.998 1.82 Sens 2 81% 82% 81% 81% 81% 83% 82% 80% 82% Spec 269% 44% 89% 75% 44% 79% 40% 31% 66% Cutoff 3 0.778 0.704 2.63 0.7780.778 0.829 0.242 0.242 0.778 Sens 3 91% 91% 90% 92% 90% 93% 91% 92% 94%Spec 3 37% 23% 75% 37% 25% 40% 12% 7% 37% Cutoff 4 2.10 4.14 2.15 2.104.14 2.15 2.10 4.14 2.15 Sens 4 79% 59% 90% 81% 61% 90% 70% 48% 76% Spec4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 3.24 7.73 3.49 3.24 7.733.49 3.24 7.73 3.49 Sens 5 75% 41% 84% 73% 42% 79% 55% 32% 65% Spec 580% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 5.84 18.6 7.04 5.84 18.67.04 5.84 18.6 7.04 Sens 6 57% 29% 77% 52% 32% 66% 30% 20% 47% Spec 690% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 1.7 0.39 2.0 1.7 0.74 2.00.99 0.74 2.0 p Value 0.48 0.27 0.57 0.47 0.70 0.57 0.98 0.70 0.57 95%CI of 0.39 0.075 0.18 0.39 0.16 0.18 0.24 0.16 0.18 OR Quart2 7.3 2.1 227.4 3.4 23 4.1 3.4 23 OR Quart 3 3.2 2.3 2.0 2.9 2.3 3.1 1.3 2.3 2.0 pValue 0.086 0.13 0.57 0.13 0.17 0.34 0.73 0.17 0.57 95% CI of 0.85 0.780.18 0.73 0.70 0.31 0.33 0.70 0.18 OR Quart3 12 6.8 23 11 7.8 30 4.9 7.823 OR Quart 4 20 3.5 36 17 4.1 31 6.3 2.3 14 p Value 1.7E−6 0.019 5.4E−47.9E−6 0.015 9.5E−4 0.0014 0.17 0.013 95% CI of 5.9 1.2 4.7 4.9 1.3 4.02.0 0.70 1.7 OR Quart4 70 9.7 270 58 13 230 20 7.8 110 Insulin-likegrowth factor-binding protein 7 X Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 X SerumCreatinine/ (Weight Adjusted Urine Output) 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hrprior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 0.799 17.8 0.799 13.4 0.7994.97 Average 792 278000 792 111000 792 26500 Stdev 5040 833000 5040458000 5040 106000 p(t-test) 6.7E−8 8.0E−5 8.4E−5 Min 0.0182 0.01340.0182 0.0134 0.0182 0.0134 Max 58400 3800000 58400 2500000 58400 486000n (Samp) 272 53 272 48 272 33 n (Patient) 272 53 272 48 272 33 sCr onlyMedian 1.42 9.33 1.42 9.35 1.42 4.97 Average 1940 290000 1940 1100001940 137000 Stdev 10700 877000 10700 465000 10700 517000 p(t-test)2.1E−13 1.4E−7 3.6E−9 Min 0.0182 0.242 0.0182 0.242 0.0182 0.242 Max151000 3800000 151000 2550000 151000 2550000 n (Samp) 514 34 514 31 51425 n (Patient) 514 34 514 31 514 25 UO only Median 0.867 84.7 0.867 42.10.867 9.72 Average 911 359000 911 189000 911 51300 Stdev 5220 8530005220 580000 5220 146000 p(t-test) 1.2E−13 5.2E−9  6.1E−10 Min 0.01820.0134 0.0182 0.0134 0.0182 0.0134 Max 58400 2640000 58400 2500000 58400486000 n (Samp) 330 31 330 29 330 17 n (Patient) 330 31 330 29 330 17 0hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stagesCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr onlyUO only AUC 0.85 0.76 0.89 0.84 0.76 0.87 0.76 0.68 0.80 SE 0.034 0.0490.039 0.037 0.051 0.043 0.050 0.060 0.065 p 0 8.2E−8 0 0 4.8E−7 0 3.0E−70.0024 3.0E−6 nCohort 1 272 514 330 272 514 330 272 514 330 nCohort 2 5334 31 48 31 29 33 25 17 Cutoff 1 5.86 4.82 19.4 3.41 3.42 12.7 1.63 2.402.57 Sens 1 72% 71% 71% 71% 71% 72% 73% 72% 71% Spec 1 92% 77% 95% 86%71% 94% 72% 65% 80% Cutoff 2 3.10 2.30 9.39 1.82 2.30 1.82 0.619 1.401.61 Sens 2 81% 82% 81% 81% 81% 83% 82% 80% 82% Spec 2 85% 65% 92% 74%65% 72% 42% 50% 68% Cutoff 3 0.576 0.488 1.61 0.576 0.631 1.33 0.3880.388 0.576 Sens 3 91% 91% 90% 92% 90% 93% 91% 92% 94% Spec 3 41% 23%68% 41% 28% 64% 28% 18% 40% Cutoff 4 1.60 3.38 1.73 1.60 3.38 1.73 1.603.38 1.73 Sens 4 85% 74% 87% 85% 71% 83% 73% 52% 71% Spec 4 70% 70% 70%70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 2.19 6.60 2.55 2.19 6.60 2.55 2.19 6.602.55 Sens 5 83% 59% 87% 79% 55% 79% 70% 40% 71% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80%80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 5.09 19.3 5.86 5.09 19.3 5.86 5.09 19.35.86 Sens 6 74% 38% 87% 65% 39% 79% 48% 28% 59% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90%90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 1.4 0.24 1.0 1.0 0.33 0.99 1.4 0.49 0.99p Value 0.70 0.21 1.0 1.0 0.34 0.99 0.70 0.41 0.99 95% CI of 0.29 0.0270.062 0.20 0.034 0.061 0.29 0.088 0.061 OR Quart2 6.2 2.2 16 5.1 3.2 166.3 2.7 16 OR Quart 3 1.4 1.5 2.0 2.1 2.8 4.1 1.0 1.5 3.0 p Value 0.700.52 0.57 0.31 0.14 0.21 1.0 0.53 0.34 95% CI of 0.29 0.42 0.18 0.500.72 0.45 0.20 0.42 0.31 OR Quart3 6.2 5.5 23 8.6 11 37 5.1 5.5 30 ORQuart 4 27 6.7 38 21 7.1 30 10 3.5 14 p Value 1.4E−7 6.3E−4 4.4E−41.3E−6 0.0019 9.8E−4 2.6E−4 0.034 0.013 95% CI of 8.0 2.3 5.0 6.1 2.14.0 3.0 1.1 1.7 OR Quart4 94 20 280 72 25 230 36 11 110 Serum Creatinine0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKIstage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UOMedian 0.900 2.07 0.900 1.73 0.900 1.42 Average 0.970 2.32 0.970 1.910.970 1.58 Stdev 0.492 1.29 0.492 1.06 0.492 0.885 p(t-test) 5.2E−324.7E−20 3.5E−9 Min 0.100 0.500 0.100 0.500 0.100 0.500 Max 3.42 5.303.42 5.30 3.42 4.14 n (Samp) 275 53 275 48 275 33 n (Patient) 275 53 27548 275 33 sCr only Median 0.900 2.20 0.900 1.74 0.900 1.45 Average 1.042.57 1.04 2.05 1.04 1.68 Stdev 0.539 1.32 0.539 1.02 0.539 0.939p(t-test) 1.3E−38 7.6E−20 4.8E−8 Min 0.100 0.500 0.100 0.500 0.100 0.500Max 5.50 4.80 5.50 4.21 5.50 4.14 n (Samp) 518 34 518 31 518 25 n(Patient) 518 34 518 31 518 25 UO only Median 0.900 2.10 0.900 1.790.900 1.45 Average 1.01 2.55 1.01 2.05 1.01 1.56 Stdev 0.526 1.54 0.5261.22 0.526 0.792 p(t-test) 1.3E−28 5.6E−17 6.1E−5 Min 0.100 0.590 0.1000.530 0.100 0.540 Max 3.42 6.32 3.42 5.30 3.42 3.05 n (Samp) 331 31 33129 331 17 n (Patient) 331 31 331 29 331 17 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hrprior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO onlysCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.85 0.87 0.850.80 0.83 0.80 0.74 0.76 0.71 SE 0.034 0.040 0.044 0.040 0.046 0.0500.051 0.057 0.072 p 0 0  2.2E−15  1.6E−14  1.3E−12 3.1E−9 2.1E−6 6.8E−60.0033 nCohort 1 275 518 331 275 518 331 275 518 331 nCohort 2 53 34 3148 31 29 33 25 17 Cutoff 1 1.44 1.58 1.45 1.20 1.36 1.44 0.980 1.090.980 Sens 1 74% 71% 71% 71% 71% 72% 76% 72% 71% Spec 1 88% 88% 86% 81%82% 85% 63% 66% 60% Cutoff 2 1.09 1.19 1.15 0.970 1.09 0.970 0.880 0.9900.800 Sens 2 83% 82% 81% 81% 81% 83% 82% 84% 82% Spec 2 72% 73% 74% 62%66% 59% 48% 57% 39% Cutoff 3 0.890 0.890 0.900 0.750 0.910 0.590 0.6600.880 0.590 Sens 3 91% 94% 90% 92% 90% 93% 91% 92% 94% Spec 3 49% 45%52% 37% 51% 17% 28% 44% 17% Cutoff 4 1.04 1.10 1.10 1.04 1.10 1.10 1.041.10 1.10 Sens 4 83% 82% 81% 75% 77% 76% 67% 68% 65% Spec 4 70% 70% 72%70% 70% 72% 70% 70% 72% Cutoff 5 1.20 1.30 1.33 1.20 1.30 1.33 1.20 1.301.33 Sens 5 75% 79% 74% 71% 71% 72% 58% 56% 65% Spec 5 81% 80% 80% 81%80% 80% 81% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 1.54 1.70 1.58 1.54 1.70 1.58 1.54 1.701.58 Sens 6 64% 68% 65% 60% 52% 66% 39% 32% 35% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90%90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 1.7 3.0 0.99 0.99 3.0 0.66 1.7 3.0 1.5 pValue 0.47 0.34 0.99 0.99 0.34 0.65 0.47 0.34 0.65 95% CI of 0.39 0.310.14 0.24 0.31 0.11 0.39 0.31 0.25 OR Quart2 7.4 30 7.2 4.1 30 4.0 7.429 9.3 OR Quart 3 2.1 3.0 2.0 2.1 4.1 1.0 1.7 6.2 0.49 p Value 0.31 0.340.42 0.25 0.21 1.0 0.47 0.094 0.57 95% CI of 0.50 0.31 0.37 0.60 0.450.20 0.39 0.73 0.044 OR Quart3 8.6 30 11 7.2 37 5.1 7.4 52 5.6 OR Quart4 24 33 15 12 27 8.8 8.7 17 6.2 p Value 4.4E−7 6.3E−4 3.5E−4 7.2E−60.0013 6.4E−4 8.0E−4 0.0069 0.021 95% CI of 7.0 4.5 3.4 4.1 3.6 2.5 2.52.2 1.3 OR Quart4 82 250 65 37 200 31 31 130 29 Serum Creatinine/(WeightAdjusted Urine Output) 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 1.58 9.30 1.58 6.74 1.58 3.22 Average 316026300 3160 12700 3160 7610 Stdev 17000 84400 17000 48800 17000 32400p(t-test) 4.4E−5 0.014 0.21 Min 0.104 0.407 0.104 0.407 0.104 0.407 Max154000 421000 154000 280000 154000 170000 n (Samp) 272 53 272 48 272 33n (Patient) 272 53 272 48 272 33 sCr only Median 2.36 5.82 2.36 4.572.36 3.87 Average 4820 30600 4820 18800 4820 23200 Stdev 21200 9390021200 66700 21200 73800 p(t-test) 3.2E−6 0.0037 5.6E−4 Min 0.104 0.4070.104 0.407 0.104 0.407 Max 180000 421000 180000 330000 180000 330000 n(Samp) 514 34 514 31 514 25 n (Patient) 514 34 514 31 514 25 UO onlyMedian 1.60 21.6 1.60 14.4 1.60 4.65 Average 4090 57700 4090 35800 409014800 Stdev 21400 128000 21400 97900 21400 44500 p(t-test) 5.4E−112.6E−6 0.063 Min 0.104 0.469 0.104 0.469 0.104 0.469 Max 230000 431000230000 431000 230000 170000 n (Samp) 330 31 330 29 330 17 n (Patient)330 31 330 29 330 17 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UOonly sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.81 0.71 0.88 0.79 0.70 0.85 0.700.62 0.74 SE 0.037 0.051 0.041 0.040 0.054 0.045 0.053 0.061 0.070 p 03.2E−5 0  4.8E−13 2.8E−4  7.8E−15 2.1E−4 0.046 7.5E−4 nCohort 1 272 514330 272 514 330 272 514 330 nCohort 2 53 34 31 48 31 29 33 25 17 Cutoff1 3.57 2.72 9.58 3.03 2.64 6.58 1.87 1.90 2.11 Sens 1 72% 71% 71% 71%71% 72% 73% 72% 71% Spec 1 85% 58% 95% 79% 57% 92% 58% 41% 62% Cutoff 22.28 2.11 6.58 1.99 2.09 3.57 1.47 1.82 1.99 Sens 2 81% 82% 81% 81% 81%83% 82% 80% 82% Spec 2 67% 46% 92% 61% 45% 83% 46% 39% 60% Cutoff 3 1.231.23 3.57 1.21 1.73 1.52 0.944 1.21 0.551 Sens 3 91% 91% 90% 92% 90% 93%91% 92% 94% Spec 3 40% 25% 83% 39% 37% 47% 26% 24%  6% Cutoff 4 2.403.74 2.46 2.40 3.74 2.46 2.40 3.74 2.46 Sens 4 79% 62% 90% 73% 58% 86%55% 52% 65% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 3.155.26 3.33 3.15 5.26 3.33 3.15 5.26 3.33 Sens 5 74% 50% 90% 69% 48% 83%52% 28% 59% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 4.799.19 5.26 4.79 9.19 5.26 4.79 9.19 5.26 Sens 6 64% 41% 87% 56% 35% 79%33% 24% 47% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 21.0 1.00.49 0.74 2.0 0.49 1.0 2.4 0.49 p Value 1.0 1.0 0.57 0.70 0.32 0.56 1.00.21 0.56 95% CI of 0.24 0.24 0.044 0.16 0.50 0.044 0.24 0.60 0.043 ORQuart2 4.1 4.1 5.6 3.4 8.4 5.5 4.2 9.4 5.5 OR Quart 3 1.8 1.8 0 2.4 2.00.99 2.1 1.7 1.5 p Value 0.35 0.36 na 0.16 0.32 0.99 0.24 0.48 0.66 95%CI of 0.51 0.51 na 0.71 0.50 0.14 0.61 0.39 0.24 OR Quart3 6.5 6.3 na8.2 8.4 7.2 7.4 7.2 9.2 OR Quart 4 17 5.4 20 13 5.9 16 5.1 3.5 6.1 pValue 4.9E−7 0.0030 7.4E−5 6.1E−6 0.0058 2.5E−4 0.0052 0.062 0.021 95%CI of 5.6 1.8 4.5 4.2 1.7 3.6 1.6 0.94 1.3 OR Quart4 50 16 85 38 21 6916 13 28

TABLE 4 Comparison of marker levels in samples collected within 12 hoursof reaching stage R from Cohort 1 (patients that reached, but did notprogress beyond, RIFLE stage R) and from Cohort 2 (patients that reachedRIFLE stage I or F). Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 andMetalloproteinase inhibitor 2 were measured in urine. Insulin-likegrowth factor-binding protein 7 sCr or UO sCr only UO only Cohort 1Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 109 129 112 142 114139 Average 118 165 131 180 129 167 Stdev 76.3 105 86.9 127 85.6 99.9p(t-test) 6.4E−7 0.0056 1.7E−4 Min 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 Max 453545 340 545 469 600 n (Samp) 191 207 79 72 177 174 n (Patient) 191 20779 72 177 174 At Enrollment sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.63 0.610.61 SE 0.028 0.046 0.030 p 4.1E−6 0.021 2.0E−4 nCohort 1 191 79 177nCohort 2 207 72 174 Cutoff 1 95.8 97.7 98.3 Sens 1 70% 71% 70% Spec 147% 44% 40% Cutoff 2 76.9 74.9 79.8 Sens 2 80% 81% 80% Spec 2 35% 32%32% Cutoff 3 54.4 46.8 61.9 Sens 3 90% 90% 90% Spec 3 22% 16% 20% Cutoff4 143 154 147 Sens 4 45% 44% 46% Spec 4 70% 71% 70% Cutoff 5 163 196 168Sens 5 40% 39% 40% Spec 5 80% 81% 80% Cutoff 6 212 281 262 Sens 6 30%19% 20% Spec 6 90% 91% 90% OR Quart 2 2.0 1.6 1.6 p Value 0.019 0.290.11 95% CI of 1.1 0.65 0.90 OR Quart2 3.5 4.1 3.0 OR Quart 3 1.1 1.11.3 p Value 0.66 0.88 0.39 95% CI of 0.64 0.42 0.71 OR Quart3 2.0 2.72.4 OR Quart 4 4.3 2.8 3.9 p Value 1.6E−6 0.030 2.3E−5 95% CI of 2.4 1.12.1 OR Quart4 7.9 7.2 7.3 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 sCr or UO sCronly UO only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2Median 4.66 6.15 4.65 6.53 5.19 6.34 Average 5.37 8.66 5.72 11.3 5.878.60 Stdev 3.85 13.9 5.02 23.1 3.72 11.4 p(t-test) 0.0017 0.038 0.0027Min 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 Max 38.6 182 38.6 182 28.4 140 n(Samp) 191 207 79 72 177 174 n (Patient) 191 207 79 72 177 174 AtEnrollment sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.63 0.62 0.60 SE 0.028 0.0460.030 p 4.9E−6 0.0099 6.0E−4 nCohort 1 191 79 177 nCohort 2 207 72 174Cutoff 1 4.05 3.93 4.19 Sens 1 70% 71% 70% Spec 1 39% 41% 37% Cutoff 23.58 2.91 3.72 Sens 2 80% 81% 80% Spec 2 34% 22% 31% Cutoff 3 2.56 1.762.94 Sens 3 90% 90% 90% Spec 3 19% 11% 21% Cutoff 4 6.59 6.72 7.10 Sens4 45% 50% 41% Spec 4 70% 71% 70% Cutoff 5 7.27 7.59 7.87 Sens 5 42% 42%39% Spec 5 80% 81% 80% Cutoff 6 8.80 9.14 10.2 Sens 6 31% 26% 23% Spec 690% 91% 90% OR Quart 2 1.4 0.77 1.4 p Value 0.22 0.57 0.32 95% CI of0.81 0.30 0.75 OR Quart2 2.5 1.9 2.5 OR Quart 3 1.3 0.95 1.2 p Value0.39 0.92 0.48 95% CI of 0.73 0.38 0.68 OR Quart3 2.3 2.4 2.3 OR Quart 44.6 2.8 3.3 p Value 7.6E−7 0.030 1.4E−4 95% CI of 2.5 1.1 1.8 OR Quart48.5 7.3 6.2 Weight Adjusted Urine Output sCr or UO sCr only UO onlyCohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 0.487 0.3750.567 0.523 0.418 0.309 Average 0.924 0.516 1.03 0.803 0.745 0.406 Stdev1.42 0.701 1.34 0.980 1.22 0.580 p(t-test) 3.1E−4 0.26 0.0011 Min1.00E−5 1.00E−5 0.119 1.00E−5 1.00E−5 1.00E−5 Max 10.6 6.00 8.93 6.0010.6 4.67 n (Samp) 183 205 71 68 176 171 n (Patient) 183 205 71 68 176171 At Enrollment sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.36 0.45 0.33 SE 0.0280.049 0.029 p 1.7E−7 0.35 1.7E−9 nCohort 1 183 71 176 nCohort 2 205 68171 Cutoff 1 0.244 0.414 0.204 Sens 1 70% 71% 70% Spec 1 13% 30% 11%Cutoff 2 0.197 0.306 0.141 Sens 2 80% 81% 80% Spec 2  9% 18%  7% Cutoff3 0.112 0.147 0.0753 Sens 3 90% 91% 91% Spec 3  4%  6%  4% Cutoff 40.787 0.912 0.612 Sens 4 13% 25% 10% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 1.081.12 0.833 Sens 5 10% 22%  6% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 1.72 2.55 1.28Sens 6  2%  3%  4% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 2.0 0.79 2.9 p Value0.021 0.63 0.0012 95% CI of 1.1 0.31 1.5 OR Quart2 3.5 2.0 5.5 OR Quart3 2.1 1.3 3.3 p Value 0.0099 0.63 2.5E−4 95% CI of 1.2 0.49 1.7 ORQuart3 3.8 3.2 6.3 OR Quart 4 3.8 1.1 6.8 p Value 1.2E−5 0.91 1.7E−8 95%CI of 2.1 0.41 3.5 OR Quart4 6.8 2.7 13 Insulin-like growthfactor-binding protein 7/(Weight Adjusted Urine Output) sCr or UO sCronly UO only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2Median 203 425 175 328 274 522 Average 309000 481000 281 398000 476000528000 Stdev 2320000 2930000 319 3250000 3100000 2670000 p(t-test) 0.530.31 0.87 Min 1.89 4.09 2.58 4.09 1.89 4.28 Max 2.49E7 2.66E7 19802.66E7 2.66E7 2.50E7 n (Samp) 182 203 70 67 174 170 n (Patient) 182 20370 67 174 170 At Enrollment sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.68 0.600.68 SE 0.027 0.048 0.029 p  5.3E−11 0.041  2.2E−10 nCohort 1 182 70 174nCohort 2 203 67 170 Cutoff 1 225 126 282 Sens 1 70% 70% 70% Spec 1 53%40% 52% Cutoff 2 148 80.5 209 Sens 2 80% 81% 80% Spec 2 40% 26% 42%Cutoff 3 77.2 44.9 127 Sens 3 90% 91% 90% Spec 3 23% 14% 29% Cutoff 4334 317 397 Sens 4 56% 52% 58% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 452 498 601Sens 5 46% 28% 47% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 782 565 1000 Sens 6 31%27% 26% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 1.9 1.1 2.1 p Value 0.028 0.810.018 95% CI of 1.1 0.43 1.1 OR Quart2 3.5 3.0 4.0 OR Quart 3 2.4 1.63.0 p Value 0.0038 0.33 7.6E−4 95% CI of 1.3 0.62 1.6 OR Quart3 4.3 4.25.6 OR Quart 4 7.1 1.9 6.3 p Value 1.7E−9 0.19 5.1E−8 95% CI of 3.8 0.733.3 OR Quart4 14 5.0 12 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2/(Weight AdjustedUrine Output) sCr or UO sCr only UO only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 8.67 17.9 7.13 11.6 11.9 22.5 Average12400 37100 12.0 19300 20400 40400 Stdev 93800 267000 15.1 158000 136000276000 p(t-test) 0.24 0.31 0.39 Min 0.114 0.248 0.134 0.248 0.114 0.257Max 992000 3240000 108 1290000 1290000 3240000 n (Samp) 182 203 70 67174 170 n (Patient) 182 203 70 67 174 170 At Enrollment sCr or UO sCronly UO only AUC 0.67 0.60 0.67 SE 0.027 0.048 0.029 p  3.1E−10 0.0332.1E−9 nCohort 1 182 70 174 nCohort 2 203 67 170 Cutoff 1 9.90 5.76 12.5Sens 1 70% 70% 70% Spec 1 55% 43% 52% Cutoff 2 6.81 3.00 9.00 Sens 2 80%81% 80% Spec 2 41% 20% 41% Cutoff 3 3.85 1.53 6.04 Sens 3 90% 91% 90%Spec 3 27%  9% 28% Cutoff 4 16.4 14.7 20.8 Sens 4 55% 45% 52% Spec 4 70%70% 70% Cutoff 5 22.1 17.6 26.7 Sens 5 42% 39% 44% Spec 5 80% 80% 80%Cutoff 6 34.3 24.5 43.3 Sens 6 29% 25% 28% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 21.8 0.42 1.7 p Value 0.041 0.086 0.083 95% CI of 1.0 0.15 0.93 OR Quart23.3 1.1 3.3 OR Quart 3 2.7 1.0 2.7 p Value 9.7E−4 1.0 0.0022 95% CI of1.5 0.39 1.4 OR Quart3 4.8 2.6 5.0 OR Quart 4 5.2 1.9 5.6 p Value 1.5E−70.19 2.3E−7 95% CI of 2.8 0.73 2.9 OR Quart4 9.6 5.1 11 Insulin-likegrowth factor-binding protein 7 X Serum Creatinine sCr or UO sCr only UOonly Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 81.6148 125 211 83.5 150 Average 112 209 165 291 129 208 Stdev 95.1 205 136282 134 183 p(t-test) 9.1E−9 7.6E−4 7.6E−6 Min 10.0 9.20 17.2 9.20 10.013.5 Max 494 1820 769 1820 1000 1120 n (Samp) 185 204 74 71 174 171 n(Patient) 185 204 74 71 174 171 At Enrollment sCr or UO sCr only UO onlyAUC 0.68 0.66 0.67 SE 0.027 0.045 0.029 p  4.3E−12 3.1E−4 3.9E−9 nCohort1 185 74 174 nCohort 2 204 71 171 Cutoff 1 95.1 129 95.5 Sens 1 70% 70%70% Spec 1 58% 51% 56% Cutoff 2 67.2 96.0 70.5 Sens 2 80% 80% 80% Spec 241% 36% 41% Cutoff 3 45.3 59.3 53.5 Sens 3 90% 90% 90% Spec 3 24% 23%28% Cutoff 4 121 202 131 Sens 4 59% 54% 58% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5163 253 176 Sens 5 45% 44% 41% Spec 5 80% 81% 80% Cutoff 6 230 343 292Sens 6 31% 27% 21% Spec 6 90% 91% 90% OR Quart 2 1.7 1.6 1.7 p Value0.079 0.33 0.083 95% CI of 0.94 0.62 0.93 OR Quart2 3.0 4.3 3.3 OR Quart3 2.8 3.2 2.8 p Value 6.2E−4 0.019 0.0014 95% CI of 1.5 1.2 1.5 ORQuart3 5.0 8.4 5.2 OR Quart 4 5.6 4.2 5.4 p Value 4.0E−8 0.0041 3.5E−795% CI of 3.0 1.6 2.8 OR Quart4 10 11 10 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 XSerum Creatinine sCr or UO sCr only UO only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 3.89 6.25 5.59 8.79 4.07 6.62 Average4.99 11.9 7.45 18.6 5.73 11.5 Stdev 4.69 28.4 8.51 45.9 5.63 21.8p(t-test) 0.0011 0.043 8.6E−4 Min 0.528 0.481 1.03 0.762 0.528 0.481 Max50.2 374 51.0 374 45.1 260 n (Samp) 185 204 74 71 174 171 n (Patient)185 204 74 71 174 171 At Enrollment sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.680.66 0.66 SE 0.027 0.045 0.029 p  4.4E−11 4.1E−4 4.4E−8 nCohort 1 185 74174 nCohort 2 204 71 171 Cutoff 1 4.07 5.00 4.41 Sens 1 70% 70% 70% Spec1 54% 46% 56% Cutoff 2 3.00 3.97 3.20 Sens 2 80% 80% 80% Spec 2 36% 36%36% Cutoff 3 2.23 2.35 2.43 Sens 3 90% 90% 90% Spec 3 20% 15% 25% Cutoff4 5.89 7.37 6.19 Sens 4 53% 58% 52% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 7.119.41 8.41 Sens 5 43% 46% 37% Spec 5 80% 81% 80% Cutoff 6 9.34 12.7 11.0Sens 6 31% 34% 27% Spec 6 90% 91% 90% OR Quart 2 1.0 1.3 1.4 p Value 1.00.63 0.27 95% CI of 0.56 0.49 0.76 OR Quart2 1.8 3.3 2.7 OR Quart 3 2.21.3 2.7 p Value 0.0067 0.63 0.0014 95% CI of 1.2 0.49 1.5 OR Quart3 3.93.3 5.1 OR Quart 4 5.0 5.5 4.4 p Value 3.1E−7 9.7E−4 5.8E−6 95% CI of2.7 2.0 2.3 OR Quart4 9.3 15 8.3 Insulin-like growth factor-bindingprotein 7 X Serum Creatinine/ (Weight Adjusted Urine Output) sCr or UOsCr only UO only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2Median 180 473 210 400 206 569 Average 214000 535000 373 339000 353000879000 Stdev 1550000 3220000 583 2760000 2320000 4770000 p(t-test) 0.230.33 0.20 Min 1.35 3.00 2.35 4.75 1.35 3.00 Max 1.52E7 3.25E7 42202.26E7 2.26E7 4.43E7 n (Samp) 176 200 65 67 171 167 n (Patient) 176 20065 67 171 167 At Enrollment sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.71 0.650.70 SE 0.026 0.048 0.028 p  2.2E−15 0.0022  4.0E−13 nCohort 1 176 65171 nCohort 2 200 67 167 Cutoff 1 206 161 273 Sens 1 70% 70% 70% Spec 157% 43% 65% Cutoff 2 135 115 176 Sens 2 80% 81% 80% Spec 2 43% 37% 42%Cutoff 3 90.1 53.3 95.7 Sens 3 90% 91% 90% Spec 3 32% 20% 28% Cutoff 4273 411 347 Sens 4 64% 49% 65% Spec 4 70% 71% 70% Cutoff 5 429 524 605Sens 5 52% 42% 48% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 813 828 1040 Sens 6 33%28% 32% Spec 6 90% 91% 90% OR Quart 2 2.2 1.7 1.5 p Value 0.011 0.320.21 95% CI of 1.2 0.62 0.79 OR Quart2 4.0 4.5 2.9 OR Quart 3 3.5 2.13.3 p Value 5.2E−5 0.14 2.3E−4 95% CI of 1.9 0.79 1.8 OR Quart3 6.4 5.76.3 OR Quart 4 9.2 5.3 7.2 p Value  6.8E−11 0.0019 1.3E−8 95% CI of 4.71.9 3.6 OR Quart4 18 15 14 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 X SerumCreatinine/(Weight Adjusted Urine Output) sCr or UO sCr only UO onlyCohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 7.38 17.98.49 16.6 10.6 22.1 Average 8600 51300 16.2 16400 15300 67800 Stdev63000 420000 30.1 134000 105000 470000 p(t-test) 0.18 0.33 0.15 Min0.0807 0.180 0.122 0.288 0.0807 0.180 Max 605000 5510000 229 11000001100000 5510000 n (Samp) 176 200 65 67 171 167 n (Patient) 176 200 65 67171 167 At Enrollment sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.70 0.65 0.69 SE0.027 0.048 0.029 p  6.5E−14 0.0024  1.2E−11 nCohort 1 176 65 171nCohort 2 200 67 167 Cutoff 1 8.94 7.12 12.0 Sens 1 70% 70% 70% Spec 154% 46% 57% Cutoff 2 5.98 4.49 7.82 Sens 2 80% 81% 80% Spec 2 44% 32%42% Cutoff 3 4.23 2.61 5.45 Sens 3 90% 91% 90% Spec 3 33% 25% 33% Cutoff4 15.2 16.9 17.6 Sens 4 56% 48% 56% Spec 4 70% 71% 70% Cutoff 5 20.421.4 26.2 Sens 5 46% 40% 47% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 34.1 33.0 42.6Sens 6 33% 30% 35% Spec 6 90% 91% 90% OR Quart 2 2.1 1.3 2.4 p Value0.018 0.62 0.0088 95% CI of 1.1 0.48 1.2 OR Quart2 3.7 3.4 4.5 OR Quart3 2.7 1.0 2.5 p Value 0.0013 1.0 0.0047 95% CI of 1.5 0.37 1.3 OR Quart34.8 2.7 4.8 OR Quart 4 8.8 5.7 7.6 p Value  1.5E−10 0.0017 5.8E−9 95% CIof 4.5 1.9 3.8 OR Quart4 17 17 15 Insulin-like growth factor-bindingprotein 7 X Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 sCr or UO sCr only UO onlyCohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 0.522 0.7290.522 0.976 0.584 0.758 Average 0.801 1.86 0.947 2.72 0.961 2.07 Stdev0.922 3.75 1.13 6.11 1.13 6.49 p(t-test) 1.7E−4 0.012 0.025 Min 0.02400.0240 0.0240 0.0270 0.0240 0.0240 Max 5.38 39.1 6.28 39.1 7.75 83.9 n(Samp) 191 207 79 72 177 174 n (Patient) 191 207 79 72 177 174 AtEnrollment sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.64 0.62 0.61 SE 0.028 0.0460.030 p 9.5E−7 0.0073 1.2E−4 nCohort 1 191 79 177 nCohort 2 207 72 174Cutoff 1 0.421 0.413 0.451 Sens 1 70% 71% 70% Spec 1 46% 47% 43% Cutoff2 0.299 0.214 0.333 Sens 2 80% 81% 80% Spec 2 35% 25% 32% Cutoff 3 0.1570.133 0.187 Sens 3 90% 90% 90% Spec 3 23% 18% 22% Cutoff 4 0.951 1.041.04 Sens 4 45% 49% 45% Spec 4 70% 71% 70% Cutoff 5 1.17 1.54 1.39 Sens5 43% 42% 39% Spec 5 80% 81% 80% Cutoff 6 2.03 2.58 2.23 Sens 6 30% 24%26% Spec 6 90% 91% 90% OR Quart 2 2.0 0.77 2.2 p Value 0.019 0.57 0.01295% CI of 1.1 0.30 1.2 OR Quart2 3.5 1.9 4.0 OR Quart 3 1.2 1.1 1.2 pValue 0.56 0.90 0.57 95% CI of 0.67 0.43 0.65 OR Quart3 2.1 2.6 2.2 ORQuart 4 5.0 2.5 3.9 p Value 2.0E−7 0.052 2.4E−5 95% CI of 2.7 0.99 2.1OR Quart4 9.2 6.4 7.2 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 XMetalloproteinase inhibitor 2 X Serum Creatinine sCr or UO sCr only UOonly Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 0.4050.934 0.581 1.21 0.477 1.00 Average 0.757 2.56 1.26 4.20 0.991 2.92Stdev 0.990 6.67 2.12 10.7 1.51 12.1 p(t-test) 3.1E−4 0.022 0.037 Min0.0120 0.0152 0.0206 0.0152 0.0120 0.0168 Max 5.77 64.2 15.7 64.2 11.5156 n (Samp) 185 204 74 71 174 171 n (Patient) 185 204 74 71 174 171 AtEnrollment sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.67 0.65 0.66 SE 0.027 0.0450.029 p  1.1E−10 7.1E−4 8.7E−8 nCohort 1 185 74 174 nCohort 2 204 71 171Cutoff 1 0.387 0.594 0.430 Sens 1 70% 70% 70% Spec 1 50% 51% 48% Cutoff2 0.268 0.290 0.298 Sens 2 80% 80% 80% Spec 2 39% 34% 36% Cutoff 3 0.1410.130 0.202 Sens 3 90% 90% 90% Spec 3 23% 15% 26% Cutoff 4 0.732 1.140.800 Sens 4 53% 55% 56% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 1.09 1.77 1.28 Sens5 45% 42% 43% Spec 5 80% 81% 80% Cutoff 6 1.98 2.78 2.85 Sens 6 31% 35%23% Spec 6 90% 91% 90% OR Quart 2 2.5 1.4 1.8 p Value 0.0025 0.47 0.06295% CI of 1.4 0.55 0.97 OR Quart2 4.5 3.7 3.3 OR Quart 3 2.5 1.8 2.3 pValue 0.0025 0.23 0.0092 95% CI of 1.4 0.69 1.2 OR Quart3 4.5 4.6 4.2 ORQuart 4 6.2 5.4 4.1 p Value 9.2E−9 9.9E−4 1.1E−5 95% CI of 3.3 2.0 2.2OR Quart4 12 15 7.8 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 XMetalloproteinase inhibitor 2/(Weight Adjusted Urine Output) sCr or UOsCr only UO only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2Median 0.988 2.68 0.795 1.97 1.48 3.87 Average 2190 5240 2.00 5130 42604590 Stdev 19800 37400 3.51 42000 32900 31600 p(t-test) 0.33 0.31 0.93Min 0.00227 0.00514 0.00310 0.00610 0.00227 0.00514 Max 247000 34400025.3 344000 344000 335000 n (Samp) 182 203 70 67 174 170 n (Patient) 182203 70 67 174 170 At Enrollment sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.67 0.610.67 SE 0.027 0.048 0.029 p  3.0E−10 0.019 9.2E−9 nCohort 1 182 70 174nCohort 2 203 67 170 Cutoff 1 1.05 0.424 1.34 Sens 1 70% 70% 70% Spec 152% 30% 48% Cutoff 2 0.522 0.252 0.827 Sens 2 80% 81% 80% Spec 2 35% 24%37% Cutoff 3 0.222 0.0801 0.395 Sens 3 90% 91% 90% Spec 3 22% 10% 26%Cutoff 4 2.20 2.20 2.91 Sens 4 53% 46% 55% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 53.16 3.11 4.34 Sens 5 48% 40% 46% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 5.82 4.358.21 Sens 6 34% 31% 32% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 1.4 0.47 2.1 pValue 0.24 0.14 0.020 95% CI of 0.79 0.17 1.1 OR Quart2 2.5 1.3 3.9 ORQuart 3 1.6 1.1 1.7 p Value 0.11 0.81 0.085 95% CI of 0.90 0.43 0.93 ORQuart3 2.8 2.9 3.2 OR Quart 4 6.0 2.5 6.0 p Value 3.0E−8 0.073 1.1E−795% CI of 3.2 0.92 3.1 OR Quart4 11 6.5 12 Insulin-like growthfactor-binding protein 7 X Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 X SerumCreatinine/(Weight Adjusted Urine Output) sCr or UO sCr only UO onlyCohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 0.874 3.050.932 2.68 1.15 3.95 Average 1490 6420 2.71 4370 3240 7220 Stdev 1270046100 6.92 35700 25700 47100 p(t-test) 0.17 0.33 0.33 Min 0.001610.00360 0.00282 0.00707 0.00161 0.00360 Max 151000 435000 53.9 292000292000 435000 n (Samp) 176 200 65 67 171 167 n (Patient) 176 200 65 67171 167 At Enrollment sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.70 0.64 0.69 SE0.027 0.048 0.029 p  2.1E−13 0.0029  4.4E−11 nCohort 1 176 65 171nCohort 2 200 67 167 Cutoff 1 0.961 0.748 1.39 Sens 1 70% 70% 70% Spec 154% 43% 55% Cutoff 2 0.541 0.320 0.663 Sens 2 80% 81% 80% Spec 2 41% 25%39% Cutoff 3 0.272 0.135 0.378 Sens 3 90% 91% 90% Spec 3 28% 14% 28%Cutoff 4 1.67 2.53 2.50 Sens 4 60% 54% 57% Spec 4 70% 71% 70% Cutoff 53.05 3.09 4.20 Sens 5 50% 43% 49% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 6.12 5.018.34 Sens 6 36% 36% 35% Spec 6 90% 91% 90% OR Quart 2 1.6 0.69 1.5 pValue 0.14 0.45 0.22 95% CI of 0.87 0.26 0.79 OR Quart2 2.8 1.8 2.8 ORQuart 3 2.3 1.0 2.7 p Value 0.0056 1.0 0.0020 95% CI of 1.3 0.38 1.4 ORQuart3 4.1 2.6 5.1 OR Quart 4 7.6 3.8 5.7 p Value 1.5E−9 0.014 2.7E−795% CI of 4.0 1.3 2.9 OR Quart4 15 11 11 Serum Creatinine sCr or UO sCronly UO only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2Median 0.845 1.10 1.20 1.50 0.815 1.10 Average 0.945 1.26 1.26 1.720.958 1.25 Stdev 0.434 0.740 0.545 0.956 0.489 0.732 p(t-test) 4.2E−73.4E−4 1.3E−5 Min 0.200 0.370 0.300 0.460 0.200 0.370 Max 2.80 5.30 2.805.30 3.57 4.31 n (Samp) 196 211 77 74 184 181 n (Patient) 196 211 77 74184 181 At Enrollment sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.63 0.65 0.62 SE0.027 0.045 0.029 p 1.9E−6 0.0011 4.2E−5 nCohort 1 196 77 184 nCohort 2211 74 181 Cutoff 1 0.790 1.15 0.740 Sens 1 71% 70% 70% Spec 1 41% 47%38% Cutoff 2 0.690 0.890 0.660 Sens 2 80% 82% 80% Spec 2 29% 25% 24%Cutoff 3 0.530 0.790 0.510 Sens 3 90% 92% 91% Spec 3 14% 21% 14% Cutoff4 1.06 1.50 1.04 Sens 4 52% 49% 51% Spec 4 70% 71% 70% Cutoff 5 1.261.60 1.30 Sens 5 41% 46% 36% Spec 5 80% 81% 81% Cutoff 6 1.51 2.10 1.60Sens 6 27% 24% 24% Spec 6 90% 91% 91% OR Quart 2 0.91 0.53 0.69 p Value0.73 0.20 0.22 95% CI of 0.52 0.21 0.38 OR Quart2 1.6 1.4 1.3 OR Quart 31.3 1.3 1.6 p Value 0.29 0.56 0.10 95% CI of 0.78 0.53 0.91 OR Quart32.3 3.3 2.9 OR Quart 4 3.3 3.7 2.6 p Value 7.1E−5 0.0087 0.0016 95% CIof 1.8 1.4 1.4 OR Quart4 5.8 9.7 4.8 Serum Creatinine/(Weight AdjustedUrine Output) sCr or UO sCr only UO only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 1.73 2.75 1.93 2.36 2.05 3.40 Average1530 4100 2.72 1250 2050 8260 Stdev 10100 22700 2.96 10300 12000 43700p(t-test) 0.16 0.33 0.073 Min 0.0673 0.150 0.102 0.144 0.0673 0.150 Max74000 170000 18.0 85000 85000 431000 n (Samp) 177 202 66 68 173 168 n(Patient) 177 202 66 68 173 168 At Enrollment sCr or UO sCr only UO onlyAUC 0.68 0.62 0.68 SE 0.027 0.048 0.029 p  2.1E−11 0.017  1.7E−10nCohort 1 177 66 173 nCohort 2 202 68 168 Cutoff 1 1.92 1.64 2.18 Sens 170% 71% 70% Spec 1 54% 44% 54% Cutoff 2 1.46 1.33 1.58 Sens 2 80% 81%80% Spec 2 41% 39% 38% Cutoff 3 1.07 0.907 1.07 Sens 3 90% 91% 90% Spec3 32% 33% 24% Cutoff 4 2.73 2.89 3.10 Sens 4 50% 43% 52% Spec 4 70% 71%71% Cutoff 5 3.53 4.05 3.90 Sens 5 41% 34% 45% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% Cutoff6 5.15 6.39 5.83 Sens 6 29% 19% 36% Spec 6 90% 91% 90% OR Quart 2 3.06.5 1.6 p Value 3.5E−4 6.0E−4 0.15 95% CI of 1.6 2.2 0.84 OR Quart2 5.519 3.0 OR Quart 3 3.0 2.9 2.0 p Value 3.5E−4 0.044 0.029 95% CI of 1.61.0 1.1 OR Quart3 5.5 8.4 3.7 OR Quart 4 7.3 5.0 6.2 p Value 1.2E−90.0026 6.8E−8 95% CI of 3.9 1.8 3.2 OR Quart4 14 14 12

While the invention has been described and exemplified in sufficientdetail for those skilled in this art to make and use it, variousalternatives, modifications, and improvements should be apparent withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention. The examplesprovided herein are representative of preferred embodiments, areexemplary, and are not intended as limitations on the scope of theinvention. Modifications therein and other uses will occur to thoseskilled in the art. These modifications are encompassed within thespirit of the invention and are defined by the scope of the claims.

It will be readily apparent to a person skilled in the art that varyingsubstitutions and modifications may be made to the invention disclosedherein without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.

All patents and publications mentioned in the specification areindicative of the levels of those of ordinary skill in the art to whichthe invention pertains. All patents and publications are hereinincorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individualpublication was specifically and individually indicated to beincorporated by reference.

The invention illustratively described herein suitably may be practicedin the absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitationswhich is not specifically disclosed herein. Thus, for example, in eachinstance herein any of the terms “comprising”, “consisting essentiallyof” and “consisting of” may be replaced with either of the other twoterms. The terms and expressions which have been employed are used asterms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intentionthat in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding anyequivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, butit is recognized that various modifications are possible within thescope of the invention claimed. Thus, it should be understood thatalthough the present invention has been specifically disclosed bypreferred embodiments and optional features, modification and variationof the concepts herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled inthe art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to bewithin the scope of this invention as defined by the appended claims.

Other embodiments are set forth within the following claims.

1. A method for evaluating renal status in a subject, comprising:determining a measured value for one or more of a urine TIMP2concentration and a urine IGFBP7 concentration; determining a measuredvalue for one or more of a serum creatinine concentration and a urineoutput; combining the measured values obtained into a single value toprovide an assay result; and correlating the assay result to the renalstatus of the subject, wherein said correlation step comprisescorrelating the assay result(s) to one or more of diagnosis, riskstratification, prognosis, classifying and monitoring of the renalstatus of the subject.
 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein saidcorrelation step comprises correlating the assay result to prognosis ofthe renal status of the subject.
 3. A method according to claim 1,wherein said correlating step comprises assigning a likelihood of one ormore future changes in renal status to the subject based on the assayresult.
 4. A method according to claim 3, wherein said one or morefuture changes in renal status comprise one or more of a future injuryto renal function, future reduced renal function, future improvement inrenal function, and future acute renal failure (ARF).
 5. A methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the single value is calculated as urineTIMP2×urine IGFBP7×serum creatinine; urine TIMP2×urine IGFBP7/urineoutput; urine TIMP2×urine IGFBP7×serum creatinine/urine output; urineTIMP2×serum creatinine; urine TIMP2/urine output; urine TIMP2×serumcreatinine/urine output; urine IGFBP7×serum creatinine; urineIGFBP7/urine output; or urine IGFBP7×serum creatinine/urine output.
 6. Amethod according to claim 1, wherein the correlation step comprisescorrelating the assay result to a diagnosis of acute renal failure or aninjury to renal function.
 7. A method according to claim 1, wherein thecorrelation step comprises correlating the assay result to a likelihoodof a clinical outcome related to a renal injury suffered by the subject.8. A method according to claim 1, wherein the correlation step comprisescorrelating the assay result to a likelihood of one or more futurechanges in renal status occurring within 30 days of the time at whichthe body fluid sample is obtained from the subject.
 9. A methodaccording to claim 8, wherein the likelihood of one or more futurechanges in renal status is that an event of interest is more or lesslikely to occur within a period selected from the group consisting of 21days, 14 days, 7 days, 5 days, 96 hours, 72 hours, 48 hours, 36 hours,24 hours, and 12 hours.
 10. A method according to claim 1, wherein thesubject is selected for evaluation of renal status based on thepre-existence in the subject of one or more known risk factors forprerenal, intrinsic renal, or postrenal ARF.
 11. A method according toclaim 1, wherein the subject is selected for evaluation of renal statusbased on an existing diagnosis of one or more of congestive heartfailure, preeclampsia, eclampsia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension,coronary artery disease, proteinuria, renal insufficiency, glomerularfiltration below the normal range, cirrhosis, serum creatinine above thenormal range, sepsis, injury to renal function, reduced renal function,or ARF, or based on undergoing or having undergone major vascularsurgery, coronary artery bypass, or other cardiac surgery, or based onexposure to NSAIDs, cyclosporines, tacrolimus, aminoglycosides,foscarnet, ethylene glycol, hemoglobin, myoglobin, ifosfamide, heavymetals, methotrexate, radiopaque contrast agents, or streptozotocin. 12.A method according to claim 1, wherein said correlating step comprisesassessing whether or not renal function is improving or worsening in asubject who has suffered from an injury to renal function, reduced renalfunction, or ARF based on the assay result.
 13. A method according toclaim 1, wherein said method is a method of assigning a risk of thefuture occurrence or nonoccurrence of an injury to renal function insaid subject.
 14. A method according to claim 1, wherein said method isa method of assigning a risk of the future occurrence or nonoccurrenceof reduced renal function in said subject.
 15. A method according toclaim 1, wherein said method is a method of assigning a risk of thefuture occurrence or nonoccurrence of a need for dialysis in saidsubject.
 16. A method according to claim 1, wherein said method is amethod of assigning a risk of the future occurrence or nonoccurrence ofacute renal failure in said subject.
 17. A method according to claim 1,wherein said method is a method of assigning a risk of the futureoccurrence or nonoccurrence of a need for renal replacement therapy insaid subject.
 18. A method according to claim 1, wherein said method isa method of assigning a risk of the future occurrence or nonoccurrenceof a need for renal transplantation in said subject.
 19. A methodaccording to claim 1, wherein said one or more future changes in renalstatus comprise one or more of a future injury to renal function, futurereduced renal function, future improvement in renal function, and futureacute renal failure (ARF) within 72 hours of the time at which the bodyfluid sample is obtained.
 20. A method according to claim 1, whereinsaid one or more future changes in renal status comprise one or more ofa future injury to renal function, future reduced renal function, futureimprovement in renal function, and future acute renal failure (ARF)within 48 hours of the time at which the body fluid sample is obtained.21. A method according to claim 1, wherein said one or more futurechanges in renal status comprise one or more of a future injury to renalfunction, future reduced renal function, future improvement in renalfunction, and future acute renal failure (ARF) within 24 hours of thetime at which the body fluid sample is obtained.
 22. A method accordingto claim 1, wherein the subject is in RIFLE stage 0 or R. 23-32.(canceled)
 33. A method according to claim 22, wherein said correlatingstep comprises assigning a likelihood that the subject will reach RIFLEstage I or F within 48 hours. 34-43. (canceled)
 44. A method accordingto claim 22, wherein said correlating step comprises assigning alikelihood that the subject will reach RIFLE stage I or F within 24hours. 45-49. (canceled)
 50. A method according to claim 1, wherein thesubject is not in acute renal failure. 51-93. (canceled)
 94. A systemfor evaluating biomarker levels, comprising: one or more reagentsselected from the group consisting of a reagent which specifically bindsTIMP2 and a reagent which specifically binds IGFBP7; and an assayinstrument configured to receive a urine sample and contact the one ormore reagents with the urine sample and to generate one or more measuredvalues resulting from binding of TIMP2 and/or IGFBP7 to a respectivespecific binding reagent in the one or more reagents, the measuredvalues indicative of a TIMP2 concentration and/or a IGFBP7concentration, wherein the assay instrument is further configured toreceive entry of, or determine, one or more measured values for one ormore of a serum creatinine concentration and a urine output, and whereinthe assay instrument combines the measured values obtained by theinstrument into a single value to provide an assay result. 95.(canceled)
 96. (canceled)
 97. The system of claim 94, wherein the singlevalue is calculated as urine TIMP2×urine IGFBP7×serum creatinine; urineTIMP2×urine IGFBP7/urine output; urine TIMP2×urine IGFBP7×serumcreatinine/urine output; urine TIMP2×serum creatinine; urine TIMP2/urineoutput; urine TIMP2×serum creatinine/urine output; urine IGFBP7×serumcreatinine; urine IGFBP7/urine output; or urine IGFBP7×serumcreatinine/urine output.